Famine The Moral Code Of Ethics - 1181 Words

Famine is one of the most ongoing prominent problems facing the world currently. Today’s philosophers, Peter Singer and Onora O’Neill approach different methods from the moral code of ethics of Utilitarianism and Kantianism in face of famine. Severe food scarcity causes malnourishment and low stamina with no energy to pursue one’s aspirations of being more than just a statistic. In this paper, I will argue in favor of Onora O’Neill’s Kantian principles of justice and beneficence regarding our obligations during famine and to Peter Singer’s Utilitarian view, which should be considered an incorrect view of obligations to conquer famine. In regards to the topic of famine, O’Neill and Singer propose dissimilar perspectives. O’Neill says, â€Å"He or she would not be obligated to help the starving, even if no others were equally distressed† (540). While Singer says, â€Å"†¦it is not beyond the capacity of the richer nat ions to give enough assistance to reduce any further suffering to very small proportions. The decisions and actions of human beings can prevent this kind of suffering† (495). While it is extremely kind to continuously contribute help to others in need, whether it involves volunteering or submitting payments, a person should not be required to give until their own welfare becomes in danger. Singer classifies these people as immoral because if one is able to prevent bad happenings, they should basically give up their funds unselfishly in order to create the maximum amountShow MoreRelatedEssay on Literary Analysis: Some Moral Minima866 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"Some Moral Minima,† Goodman states, â€Å"if it is true that no norm can be made unless some other is compromised, and are there no rules to tell us that principles are principles – no norms delineating concretely, and uncompromisingly, wrong from right?† (Goodman, 2010, p. 87) Every society has customs and traits that make them distinctive to which each of these customs belong to people. Cultures and societies all have different moral standards. Lenn E. Goodman, states that we as humans andRead MoreEssay Famine Relief1825 Words   |  8 Pagesto prevent the famine crisis in the Horn of Africa since July 2011, Suzanne Dvorak the chief executive of Save the Children wrote that, â€Å"We need to provide help now. 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What Everybody Dislikes About Essay Samples to Get into Masters Programsw and Why

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A Dolls House Context Essay Example For Students

A Dolls House Context Essay Ibsens A Dolls House was written in a time when theatre was changing, and Ibsen was one of the creators of this new style of writing. Henrik Ibsen was born in Norway in 1828. During Ibsens childhood his father encountered many financial difficulties and in 1835 the family was forced to move because their property was seized for payment of debts. Ibsen had an unhappy childhood due to rumours that Knud Ibsen was not his father, and despite the physical resemblance Ibsen believed these rumours to be true. Ibsen moved away from his parents in 1844 and during his early adult years Ibsen befriended members of the socialist movement and a left wing politician. This then led him to write for a radical magazine, where police raided the offices. Two of his co-workers were imprisoned for three years but Ibsen didnt speak out. Before A Dolls House Ibsen wrote many plays, but up until 1864 most were unsuccessful but he made his break when he started writing plays designed to be read, the first of which was Brand. This play created an immediate sensation and established Ibsens reputation in Scandinavia. In 1869 Ibsens A League of Youth was performed at the Christiana Theatre, it caused controversy because of its characterisation of progressive personalities. One of the characters complains: You dressed me up like a doll; you played with me as one plays with a child. In George Brandes review he suggested such a character would make a good central figure to later work. A Dolls House was one of Ibsens plays written in his new style of naturalism, a departure from romanticism, the exaggeration of ideas and actions. Naturalism was Ibsens way of representing what was real; he used his plays to focus on key issues. By making his plotlines and characters as real as possible Ibsen felt that he could achieve this properly. Naturalism is represented in A Dolls House mainly through Nora, the main character in the play. Nora is a very realistic character and she expresses views and ideas similar to those that other women would express in the same situation. Ibsen also uses naturalism in A Dolls House through the way he focuses on a very controversial issue, and how he represents it realistically rather then watering it down as not to offend audiences, as romanticism does.. A Dolls House is a play that deals with many feminist issues and it was published around the time the first notions of suffragettes were beginning to arise. The suffragettes were officially formed in 1897 by Millicent Fawcett and under the name National Union of Womens Suffrage. However it was around the time of publication that the first ideas for such a group were arising. The suffragettes were a group of women campaigning for equal rights for all men and women. They worked towards this by protesting in ways such as chaining themselves to fences; setting fire to post boxes but possibly their most famous act was when Emily Davison threw herself under the Kings horse in the 1913 Derby. Although her aim was not to kill herself but to grab onto the bridle and this led to her death. This act didnt have the desired effect and all the public worried about was the health of the horse and jockey. A Dolls House deals with these issues through the character of Nora. She has spent her life being treated like a doll by the men in her life and she feels she has been suppressed and not allowed to speak out for herself. At the end of the play when Torvald discovers her secret, she expects him to be supportive but he is not and this leads Nora to leave him, saying she feels she doesnt know him, he is like a stranger and she cannot live with a stranger. In A Dolls House Nora has suffers many problems and faces several difficulties, most due to an act of forgery. In many ways Noras life echoes that of Laura Kieler. She was one of Ibsens friends and she lived the life that Nora led. .uc49bb5ca52cb73997854b1b41016fb57 , .uc49bb5ca52cb73997854b1b41016fb57 .postImageUrl , .uc49bb5ca52cb73997854b1b41016fb57 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc49bb5ca52cb73997854b1b41016fb57 , .uc49bb5ca52cb73997854b1b41016fb57:hover , .uc49bb5ca52cb73997854b1b41016fb57:visited , .uc49bb5ca52cb73997854b1b41016fb57:active { border:0!important; } .uc49bb5ca52cb73997854b1b41016fb57 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc49bb5ca52cb73997854b1b41016fb57 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc49bb5ca52cb73997854b1b41016fb57:active , .uc49bb5ca52cb73997854b1b41016fb57:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc49bb5ca52cb73997854b1b41016fb57 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc49bb5ca52cb73997854b1b41016fb57 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc49bb5ca52cb73997854b1b41016fb57 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc49bb5ca52cb73997854b1b41016fb57 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc49bb5ca52cb73997854b1b41016fb57:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc49bb5ca52cb73997854b1b41016fb57 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc49bb5ca52cb73997854b1b41016fb57 .uc49bb5ca52cb73997854b1b41016fb57-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc49bb5ca52cb73997854b1b41016fb57:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gothic Horror EssayShe borrowed money to save her husband and committed forgery when in debt to ensure he could be saved. Then when found out he declared he wanted a divorce, similar to Torvalds saying he is angry and ashamed at her. However, different to Nora when her husband found out, Laura was committed to a mental asylum for speaking insane thoughts, when in fact she was stating the truth. , Also different to Nora, When Laura was released she went back to her husband rather then leaving to educate herself. I think that through this play Ibsen could be showing what he thought Laura shouldve one and what he thinks would have been better for her. There are other clear links to Laura in this play except the plotline, for example Lauras husband used to call her skylark, as Torvald does to Nora. Another link is the shared disease, Tuberculosis. Dr. Rank is suffering from Tuberculosis of the spine and it was Tuberculosis that Lauras husband had. This play was very controversial and radical at the time of its writing because it held the idea of women standing up to men and questioned whether men really are better then women, or whether they are equal. This is similar to Darwins theory on evolution. Darwin was a scientist born in 1809. He wrote about evolution and how he believed that all animals where not created by God but through evolution. This was a revolutionary idea at the time because such a theory had never been suggested before and it led to wide controversy, and his ideas were ridiculed my many Christians as they went against the bible. Before Darwins theories people lived in a male dominated society and most people were Christians. This lead to the ridicule of his theories because not only did it go against the bible, it also suggested females were equal to males, an idea that was lost in a patriarchal society. Darwin travelled around the world to try and find proof for this theory, including his famous trip to the Galapagos Islands. Through this research he proved that animals evolved to create other species. This is linked to A Dolls House because this idea meant women were not created from men, but separately. This in turn led to the idea that men were equal to women, and this is what Nora believed, and it was her husbands disbelief at this that caused her oppression and it was the idea that women arent equal to men that made him say Nora spoke like a little girl. This idea of evolution and survival of the fittest also linked in with the idea that you could determine your own future, something that Nora doesnt believe at the beginning of the play, but by the end she realises she can, and she does by leaving her husband. A Dolls house has a very interesting social context. It was published in 1879, A time in which society was very male dominated, and womens views were suppressed, however, A Dolls House has the central theme of female emancipation, as shown through the links to the suffragettes. Also interesting is the society at the time Ibsen wrote this. It was a society that was very brutal, where appearances are the main importance and not whats inside. From the outside the society looks good, affluent and agreeable, with servants waiting on you, and large rooms to celebrate Christmas and live a happy, middle-class life, but to those living the lifestyle, there is a heavy price to pay. People have to act, not as they would like, but as society would deem respectable and this respectability is a very superficial one, based on money, business and being average, conformant to societies rules. .u4d6c98415864fe0adba41ad8b7cbe2a0 , .u4d6c98415864fe0adba41ad8b7cbe2a0 .postImageUrl , .u4d6c98415864fe0adba41ad8b7cbe2a0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4d6c98415864fe0adba41ad8b7cbe2a0 , .u4d6c98415864fe0adba41ad8b7cbe2a0:hover , .u4d6c98415864fe0adba41ad8b7cbe2a0:visited , .u4d6c98415864fe0adba41ad8b7cbe2a0:active { border:0!important; } .u4d6c98415864fe0adba41ad8b7cbe2a0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4d6c98415864fe0adba41ad8b7cbe2a0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4d6c98415864fe0adba41ad8b7cbe2a0:active , .u4d6c98415864fe0adba41ad8b7cbe2a0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4d6c98415864fe0adba41ad8b7cbe2a0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4d6c98415864fe0adba41ad8b7cbe2a0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4d6c98415864fe0adba41ad8b7cbe2a0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4d6c98415864fe0adba41ad8b7cbe2a0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4d6c98415864fe0adba41ad8b7cbe2a0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4d6c98415864fe0adba41ad8b7cbe2a0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4d6c98415864fe0adba41ad8b7cbe2a0 .u4d6c98415864fe0adba41ad8b7cbe2a0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4d6c98415864fe0adba41ad8b7cbe2a0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Red Room by HG Wells EssayThis means that those that enter from outside the society are shunted and mistreated. This society is shown through A Dolls House in a variety of ways. Firstly we can see it through Noras initial treatment of Mrs. Linde-she does not recognise her, because she has aged so prematurely, from stress-something not found within the agreeable middle-class women, making her stand out. We also see this idea of superficiality at the end of the play, when Torvald discovers Noras secret. He says As regards our relationship we must appear to be living together just as before. Only appear, of course. This shows how Torvald views appearances so importantly, he wants Nora to remain there, purely so he wont be frowned upon by society as an outsider, even though he will know deep-down, thats what he will now be. In conclusion there are many different historical ideas and events that build a context, from which Ibsen wrote A Dolls House and their influences are clear in different ways throughout the play, and they help to give a clearer picture of how the characters are living, and the motivations behind their actions.

Sports And Agression Essay Example For Students

Sports And Agression Essay Sports and AggressionA Research PaperPresented to at In Partial Fulfillmentof the Requirements forEnglish 12AByPeriod 1March 27, 2000Do sports create aggressive behavior, or simply attract people who are already aggressive? Aggression and sport have gone together as long as sports have been around, be it the players themselves, to the parents, coaches, or spectators, they just seem to be an inseparable part of each other. The term violence is defined as physical assault based on total disregard for the well being of self and others, or the intent to injure another person ( 2. Coakley). Intimidation usually does not cause physical harm, but often is designed to produce psychological consequences, enabling one person to physically over power or dominate another. These statements as defined by the author, Jay J. Coakley, is what people today have made a must part on sport. Pleasure and participation sports absolutely cannot be grouped with power and performance sports when in relation to aggression. Pleasure sports are simply played for pleasure. Score is usually not kept. The athletes participating are usually on occasion doing it for fun and exercise. A majority of athletes who have been playing sports since they were little, have probably been pounded into their heads that to be successful in sport, you need to be aggressive, and at some times, unnecessary. We will write a custom essay on Sports And Agression specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Also that to get what you want, you have to go at it with all force. Not that this is wrong but, this attitude in today’s society has been a major problem factor to the athletes when they get older, to get into trouble with the law. Those long-term effects of so called discipline, patterns develops these destructive behaviors. (9. Montague) Although some people are still in belief that aggressive behaviors in all forms, are grounded into instincts, but they also relate these actions to sports. Their parents played, who were known for their aggressive behavior, so the child feels that they have to live up to that expectation.( 6. Storr) Athletes do have to be aggressive to a point, so that the team can form a strategy to win. There is also a limit to aggression when it turns into violence. People might say that it’s not aggression or violence, it’s just adrenaline pumping. Adrenaline isn’t even similar to violence. Aggression, maybe, but nothing that would be harmful to anyone else. This might be a factor to why contact sports are so popular. For example, football, hockey, rugby, wrestling, and boxing. Contrary to predictions of instinct theory, several studies show that contact sports exist and thrive in the same societies that have high rates of aggression and violence. Unfortunately, another belief is that contact sports teach discipline, self-respect, and self-defense. (8. May ) Contact sports aren’t a positive way to teach these things. Being physically tough helps, but it also needs to be left on the field when the game is over. This can also lead to the abuse of family, girlfriends, boyfriends, friends, and any other person who gets in their â€Å"way†, because athletes use these sports as a way to get their aggression and angers out. ( 10. Hauser, Powers, Noam ) Other’s might argue that it’s skill, and not in the least way violent. Although we really can’t give a straight and to the point answer to the question â€Å"Is aggression an Instinct?† We can say that in man, as in other animals, there exists a physiological mechanism, when stimulated, it rises both subjective feelings of anger and to physical changes, which relate to fighting. This is easily set off, and like other emotional responses, it is very stereotyped, and instinctive. Just like one person is like a very angry person; they resemble one another at the psychological level. The way in which humans adapt to and control their feelings of rage. ( 5. Toch) The mechanisms in which these body changes, the functions that come about is still completely misunderstood. ( 5. Toch) Experiments from animal’s show that it appears that there is a small area from the base of the brain in which the feeling of anger starts. This, from which is sent to the nervous impulses that cause the blood pressure to rise. This area is called the hypothalamus. Its function is to coordinate responses like anger. ( 3 Diamond) The relationship between anger, rage, and violence, and psychopathology that is abnormal, or unnatural in human behavior and experience. People demonstrate their anger reactions in different ways. Similar to most human behavior, violence has a meaning that it only seems â€Å"senseless† or â€Å"meaningless† to the extent that we are unable to understand it. Most violence starts the fiery human emotions of anger and rage. Not all violent behavior has its origins in anger and rage; some of it is learned, as mentioned before. Some violence is driven primarily by as Friedrich Nietzsche referred as â€Å"the will to power†. In other words, rage. ( 3. Diamond) Rage is an instinctual and defensive reaction to severe stress, or physical threat. This is an automatic reflex that people share with animals. This response to serious threat is referred to by Walter Cannon as the â€Å"fight or flight† response. .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717 , .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717 .postImageUrl , .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717 , .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717:hover , .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717:visited , .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717:active { border:0!important; } .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717:active , .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717 .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Overview And History Of Lambada Dance Art Essay It’s the first defense for the survival of the species. Any other threat to the continued physical existence, a person would have the instinct to try to leave, or if they can’t, then physically defend them by attacking the source of the threat. ( 7 . Hawkins, Fredman ) Relating to the fact that men are more aggressive than women are, studies shown in several cases those testosterone levels in young men especially are. The high levels of endogenous testosterone seem to encourage behavior apparently intended to dominate, to enhance one’s status over other people. ( 9. Montague) Sometimes aggressive behavior is aggressive, it’s apparent intent being to inflict harm on another person, but often dominance is expressed nonaggressively. Measurement of testosterone at a single point in time presumably indicator of a man’s basal testosterone level, predicts many of these dominant behaviors. Numerous animal experiments, this one particular to rodents, show that raising testosterone increases aggressiveness. This is in relation to the dominance and antisocial behavior related to the individuals. An individual can be said to act dominantly if it’s apparent intent is to achieve or maintain high status, to obtain power influence, or valued prerogatives. Rodents do typically dominate aggressively, but it isn’t true of humans. Much of interpersonal behavior is overtly or subtly concerned with managing dominance and subordination without causing physical harm. It is harder to identify instances of aggression of a dominating motives, things related to religious sacrifices. It is understood that motivations are different from different situations for dominance and aggression. ( 1. Felson, Tedeschi) Clinical science assumes that all men are capable of bloody destructiveness. It maintains that image with most people who do away with their hatreds and, and although There are some instances where this effort fails. Some people are so shy about their aggressiveness that when they are provoked in the least little way, they become so violent that they are unbearable. Even a slight review of violent conduct suggests that violence isn’t blind, and random. Members of fighting gangs are frequently nonviolent when separated from their members. Many extremely dangerous people seem to specialize in certain areas of victims. This is in relation to taking the aggressiveness off the field. There is sometimes a relationship between being violent and being socially improper. Violence usually takes place in certain circles, certain settings, and on certain occasions. If violence is really blind and random, it’s hard to understand why we should find so much in specific situations. Does a man assault his wife rather than the athlete who messed up simply because she’s available? Violence can’t be associated with angry explosions. There is shape and form to violence. Patterns of destructiveness show consistently, and they relay from person to person. As for each of us, violence seems to be tied to a restricted range of life situations. It seems to reflect purpose, and implies the presence of hidden meanings. So, how do we satisfy it? How is it provoked? How do violent people function? (4. Stepansky) The level of testosterone circulating in the bloodstream may affect dominating or aggressive behavior by activating receptors in organs or the nervous system. Focusing on young males who have passed through puberty. There are associated reports that show a relatively high level of testosterone with dominant, aggressive, or antisocial actors including several studies of men in jail. The scientists found that no significant testosterone difference between those who fought in prison, and those who did not, between the ages of 18 to 35. However, prisoners with a prior record of violence and aggression related crimes, they had a significantly higher testosterone level than those without a history. In the age group of 18to 45, sorted into the same groups, those with chronic aggressive behavior, those socially dominant without physical aggressiveness, and those who were neither aggressive or dominant, their testosterone levels were not significantly different between the aggressive and dominant groups, but they also had significantly higher testosterone than the group that was either aggressive or dominant. (7. Hawkins, Fredman) A similar study was tested on college hockey players. ( 1. Felson , Tedeschi) They studied 14 male college players ages 18 to 23, and found a significant correlation between testosterone and coach ratings of player’s aggressiveness in respond to threat. Another study was done on four male physicians. Ranging from ages to 23 to 38, they were confined on a boat for a two week holidaycruise. The testosterone level to be correlated with the physician’s assertiveness and dominant behavior, as ranked by three women on the boat. Overall, there is considerable evidence from a variety of settings that in men, circulating testosterone is correlated with dominant or aggressive behavior, and antisocial norm breaking. Correlation doesn’t imply any reason, and the question is still being pondered, â€Å"Is high testosterone a cause of dominant and antisocial behavior?† ( 9. Montague) There has also been argument whether or not that women can be as aggressive and dominant as men. Despite considerable speculation that testosterone is associated with aggression or status in women, the literature is few and far between. Scientists report that testosterone levels in 55 women increased the status of their occupations. Another study was done with women who were patients in a neurological clinic, found significantly higher testosterone levels among relatively aggressive patients compared to less aggressive ones, but they also differed in diagnois, and making the comparison suspect. ( 5. .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f , .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f .postImageUrl , .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f , .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f:hover , .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f:visited , .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f:active { border:0!important; } .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f:active , .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cultural Anthropology Essay Toch) The issue of sex differences has been addressed by asking how men and women respond to an identical competitive situation. Testosterone was given by saliva to young men and women before, during, and after competing with a same sex partner in a video game. The hormonal response to the competition was different in each sex. Males showed the usual pre – contest rise in testosterone, but females did not. Males did not show the usual result that testosterone levels of winners is higher than that of losers, apparently because the video game produced no mood difference between male winners and losers. A mood difference was produced between female winners and losers, but the female showed no specific response to the competition. These results show that the outcome of the competition on testosterone specific to men. (7. Hawkins, Fredman) From laboratory results and athletic studies, the testosterone level rises in men awaiting a contest, regardless of the eventual outcome contest. Generalizing to the street, hormone levels should be elevated in young men who are constantly against assaults on their reputations. Of course, testosterone level is also affected by the outcome of the contest, so persistent losers might be hormonally depressed, but most men, those with mixed outcome or better, should have elevated testosterone level. ( 3. Diamond) Leaving behind the historic roots of the South, there may be a general hypersensitivity to insult in any subculture that is, or once was organized around young men who are constantly constrained by traditional community agents of social control, as after occurs in frontier countries, gangs, among bohemians, and after social breakdown or natural diseases. When young men place special emphasis on protecting their images and reputations, and they are not restrained from doing so, dominance contests become necessary, the hallmark of male to male interaction. ( 5. Toch) To interpret racial differences in testosterone, a comparison of black and white boys ages 6 to 18 years, mostly preteens, showed no significant race different in testosterone. By adulthood, black males do have significantly higher testosterone levels than white males, possibly reflecting the higher defensive demands on black men during adulthood. ( 10. Hauser, Powers, Noam) The reciprocal linkage between hormones and behavior suggests that if testosterone levels among young men in the inner city are highlighted by their constant defensive posture against challenge and these high hormone levels in turn encourage further dominance contests. Feedback between challenge and testosterone may create a various circle, sometimes with lethal effects. (7. Hawkins, Fredman) During puberty, the effects of testosterone on behavior appear to work primarily through long term reorganizations of the body and neurohormanal system, and only secondary through short term activation. By the end of puberty, usually around 16 years, the body is nearly at it’s adult form so behavior is affected primarily by the level of testosterone circulating in the blood stream, which can activate steroid receptors. (10. Hauser, Powers, Noam) There is a string correlation and experimental evidence that testosterone levels respond in predictable ways both before and after competitions for status. First, testosterone rises shortly before a competitive event, as if anticipating the challenge. Second, after the conclusion of competition, testosterone levels in winners rises relative to that of losers. Testosterone also rises after status evaluations, and it falls after status demotions, These effects require the presence of appropriate mood changes. Limited evidence suggests that this pattern of testosterone responses is specific to men. ( 4. Stepansky) As these studies have suggested, aggression in sport is there, but the men mainly showcase it. Aggressive people are attracted to contact violent sport competitions, to where they can fit in while being violent. On the other hand, sports can create aggressive behaviors that could lead to worse things. Women can and will showcase this, but as said before, men show a stronger case of it. Things of this nature have been going on for centuries, every since the beginning of sport, unfortunately, if these behaviors aren’t controlled, the young children might be the ones to suffer by an outcome that nobody wants to see, doing away with sports in general. 1977 5. Violent Men; an inquiry into the pychology of violence, Hans Toch 1969 6. Human Aggression, Anthony Storr 19681. Aggression and Violence, social interactionists perspectives. , Richard B. Felson and James T. Tedeschi 1993 2. Sport in Society, Issues and Controversies 6th edition, Jay J. Coakley 1998 3. Anger, Madness, and the Daimaonic; the pyschologists genesis of Violence, evil and creativitiy. Stephen A. Diamond 1996 4. A History of Aggression Freud, Paul E. Stepansky 7. The Creation of Deviance, Interpersonal and organized determinants, Richard Hawkins, Gary Fredman, 1975 8. Power and Innocence, Rollo May 1972 9. Man and Aggression, Ashley Montague 1968 10. Adolescents and their Families , Paths of Ego Development, Stuart T. Hauser, Sally I. Powers, Gil G. Noam 1991 Sports and Games Essays