Outline and Critically Assess Rhodes Argument About Hollowing Out of the State Essays

Blueprint and Critically Assess Rhodes Argument About Hollowing Out of the State Essays Blueprint and Critically Assess Rhodes Argument About Hollowing Out of the State Essay Blueprint and Critically Assess Rhodes Argument About Hollowing Out of the State Essay This paper will in the primary example characterize the term, Hollowing Out Of The State, as Rhodes introduced it in 1994. The causes of the emptying out procedure identified with contemporary arrangement process in Britain will be laid out followed by an outline of the topics and outcomes distinguished by the creator. Elective viewpoints on the subject of emptying out will be differentiated trying to evaluate the legitimacy of the case that administration in Britain is being emptied out. In his paper concerning the emptying out procedure, Rhodes is worried about the disintegration of British open part arrangement inside government and the way that disintegration has occurred from inside government itself through a procedure of assignment, decentralization and privitisation. So as to comprehend the principle topics of emptying out, it is imperative to comprehend the beginnings and catalyst, which made the requirement for change. Despite the fact that there is a long history of progress and change to the British arrangement of political organization, the contemporary procedure of emptying out can be sensibly followed to the appointment of the New Right government and Mrs. Thatcher in 1979. During this period, the establishments of social majority rules system were feeling the squeeze all through the 1970s. Through developing intensity of weight gatherings, for example, Trade Unions, Internal weights inside the Union from the difficulties of Northern Ireland and the bombed devolution bill in Scotland. On a universal premise, the worldwide economy made a commitment to Britains decrease looking like taking off financing costs, high expansion and monstrous government use. Spending by focal government in the late 70s rose to roughly 43% of GDP. The nation advanced toward a place of ungovernability and close to chapter 11. As an outcome, government lost the certainty of the electorate and in these conditions Mrs. Thatcher was chosen in 1979. The Conservative government would set out upon a program planning to diminish the meddling job of the Nanny State, cut pointless waste, overspending and make the riches expected to restore the nation to strength. On getting down to business, the Conservatives proposed to decrease the quantity of delegated bodies yet political situation didn't allow such a reaction. Mrs. Thatcher couldn't designate duties from vital to neighborhood government due to the latters control by left wing rivals. One country belief system forestalled the utilization of devolution while the angry and problematic skirmish of Westminster could likewise disturb the advancement expected to convey change. This implied somewhat, Mrs. Thatcher had to look to semi government and change of the common assistance so as to institute her program. The trouble confronting the legislature during this period is featured by Gamble (1994). Achievement relied on a gathering swore to a New Right plan initially getting an order to change in a political market tainted by many years of state intercession, and afterward helping it through with the help of organizations of the all-encompassing state p39 The order for the New Right was given in the general political race triumph in 1979, permitting Thatcher to start a program to reestablish the authority of government and grow the offices of the all-inclusive state. It is the results of this program which make the principle subjects and highlights of emptying out. Rhodes gives four patterns which describe the change which occurred; 1. Privitisation and constraining the degree and types of open mediation. 2. The loss of capacities by focal and neighborhood government divisions to elective assistance conveyance, (for example, agencys). 3. The loss of capacities by British Governments to European Union foundations. 4. Restricting the watchfulness of local officials through the new open administration, with its accentuation on administrative responsibility, and more honed differentiation among governmental issues and organization. P139 Among the guideline points of the Conservative government was preventing the state from being associated with each part of people groups lives and to lessen the physical majority of government. This was done in two different ways: initially, through a program of privitisation, striking as discharge from legislature of significant utilities and enterprises, for example, Coal, Gas, Shipbuilding, Steel, Electricity and Telecommunications. Also, through legitimization at managerial and operational level including thorough survey and the presentation of new administration methods. As a matter of first importance by surveying where efficiencies could be made and recognizing the zones of government to be decreased or moved to semi government and privitisation. Harold Wilsons Labor administrations of the 1960s started the procedure however the Thatcher government brought it into focal government and extraordinarily expanded it. Regions of departmental duty originally affected by changes included purging and providing food. Notwithstanding the impact on focal offices, this additionally diminished the impact and duty of nearby specialists while approving cuts in their yearly financial plans. The job of neighborhood specialists were being changed from that of significant manager and specialist co-op to one of administrator and empowering agent as Rhodes calls attention to, The job of nearby government is to encourage the conveyance of administrations by others and direct execution p241 Further decreases in nearby power dispatch affected divisions of Housing, Education, Parks Recreation and Direct Works to give some examples, changing their situation in the network. A significant part of the force and obligation of all administration divisions was disseminated. Rhodes proceeds to clarify that, as the administration looked to discharge obligation inside, the relationship advancing with the European Community end up being the inverse. It is commonly perceived that Britain has been the hesitant individual from the European Community over the length of enrollment. Be that as it may, corresponding to emptying out, Europe has the impact of disintegrating the sovereign forces of the British parliamentary framework and adding to discontinuity of the arrangement making process the nation over. As the significant understandings made inside the European Union develop in hugeness towards full combination, the focal situation of power of Westminster in ceaselessly sabotaged. What's more, the European Unions responsibility to the standard of territorial portrayal through subsiduarity additionally diminishes Westminster as a focal point of intensity. This is clear in the potential for access to new strategy systems open to the gatherings of Wales and Scotland as they construct acknowledgment of Brussels as equivalent or better than London. It could be contended that among the most noteworthy changes in the change procedure are those identified with new managerialism in the common assistance which will constrain the watchfulness of open help. These advancements were started with the arrangement of Derek Raynor from industry so as to review government offices and administrations. The point was to decrease costs by seeking after the three Es of proficiency, economy and viability. It would start the way toward moving government employees from organization of strategy to the executives of usage. Every division would create singular game plans with explicit goals intended to meet targets set ahead of time. These progressions would help the Thatcher government to politically legitimize technique yet the disappointment of changes to convey victories was uncovered by the audit procedure in 1988. This would prompt the usage of the Next Steps Initiative intended to additionally explain the division of strategy producer from strategy implantation. Rhodes (1997) plots the basic suggestion of the Efficiency Unit report, expressing that The administration upheaval was quite shallow and prescribed acquainting organizations with complete the official elements of government and achieve genuine money related and administrative change p95 This was a urgent point during the time spent digging out as British administration moved from legitimization of real duty to expanded appointment through non-chose and unknown bodies. With this adjustment in the idea of semi government, Rhodes brings up the issue of responsibility and control. The advancement of new offices to cover a growing rundown of government practice caused fracture all through the approach system and troubles in keeping up sufficient channels of correspondence between pertinent on-screen characters. Rhodes refers to Hesse to represent the challenges emerging in such manner, Advocates of decentralized self direction and control frequently neglect to understand that profoundly separated and pluralistic divided institutional frameworks make a developing requirement for aggregate guiding, arranging and accord building 146 The Next Steps activity was taken in light of an absence of achievement of change, an unevenness was seen in the arrangement procedure, there was an excessive amount of accentuation on policy driven issues and insufficient on strategy usage. The result was the production of organizations with more prominent self-sufficiency from government to execute strategy results. These offices should have been as differing as the offices they served, covering such perspectives as fixed, protection, wellbeing, fire security, coastguard, standardized savings, business or kid support for instance. Instead of accomplishing already neglected targets, Rhodes contends that the inverse was more probable. The National Health Service for instance, has consistently been at the bleeding edge of government change. Anyway as of late the administration has gone into concurrences with private social insurance trusts to use save ability to make up for proceeding with over-burden in the NHS. There are ground

Describe and assess the listener's experience of two different Assignment - 1

Depict and evaluate the audience's understanding of two diverse creation or two exhibitions of a similar structure - Assignment Example Along these lines, every age left its points and qualities in music. This paper will concentrate on the specialty of Beethoven and Satie to show how unique music can be in its points and purposes. Beethoven’s Symphony No. 5 is a legend in the realm of old style music. It speaks to inward battle of as man who needs to pick its further path throughout everyday life. It isn't amazing that the second title of the ensemble is Fate. Beethoven’s destiny isn't the music for unwinding. It is dull of discussions and resistance which can't leave anyone unconcerned. The tune changes from the anxious entries from the primary development to the quiet and moderate temperaments in the subsequent one. This music shows inward wavering of individuals when they have to settle on their life decisions. Sauce full harmonies in the start of the piece rapidly change into the light sections which remind mindfulness youngsters who can't concentrate on the most significant things in their lives. Simultaneously, the destiny subject intrudes on any light procedure in one’s reasoning creation everything progressively confused. The second development of the ensemble is absolutely inverse to the first. It helps to remember a spot when all individuals can feel quiet. Amicability and smoothness are two general qualities which are perceived by various world societies and individuals. Along these lines, the ensemble satisfies their guidelines and gets widespread with regards to worldwide network. Generally speaking, the music by Beethoven is rarely basic. It is brimming with discussion, delay and dread. Simultaneously, it speaks to incredible sentiment of good faith, concordance and satisfaction. View of Beethoven relies upon one’s disposition to the extraordinary degree. All individuals are allowed to discover impressions of their life issues in this muddled, dubious and wonderful music. Music by Erik Satie follows a very surprising message for its audience members. For example, Hypnomedie â„â€"1 by Erik Satie is music of advancement. It is less sure than

Night Hoops Essay Example for Free

Night Hoops Essay Individual Word Shakers, When I began perusing the book, Night Hoops via Carl Deuker, I was extremely exhausted. I had a feeling that I wasn’t identifying with the characters and the plot was moving too gradually. I addressed whether I should begin another book; in any case, I drove forward simply like Nick, and I am exceptionally thankful that I stayed with it. Subsequent to perusing Night Hoops, I have built up another outlook on how I should seek after my objectives regardless of what obstacles deter my capacity to contact them. Scratch, the hero, consistently longed for gaining his spot on his high school’s varsity ball group, however his street to the group was loaded up with family inconveniences; being dominated by his more established sibling, Scott; and spats with Trent, the nearby harasser. In any case, Nick drove forward through everything and achieved his objective of making the varsity ball group. In the course of recent years, I have been very committed to turning into the best golf player I can be. Anyway as of late, I have lost my excitement for the game. Along these lines, I have a feeling that I can identify with Nick and despite the fact that he is an anecdotal character, use him as motivation to rededicate myself to the sport of golf. Beside my interest with Nick’s tirelessness and commitment, I was charmed by the fellowship that created among Nick and Trent, the neighborhood menace. From the start, Trent and Nick didn’t get along. Truth be told, Trent beat Nick up. Be that as it may, as Deuker took us through their relationship we perceived how they before long turned out to be old buddies who were associated through the sport of ball. From this, I understood that a portion of the individuals best fit for you could be directly in front of you, yet they set up an exterior to help their extreme person picture so you don’t get an opportunity to become more acquainted with who they genuinely are. Another part of the book that truly caught my consideration was the means by which Nick’s father applied weight on him to prevail in ball. From the outset, this weight extremely repressed Nick’s capacity to play great ball. Be that as it may, as he got used to the weight and utilized it as inspiration, Nick turned into the player both he and his father consistently needed him to be. This raises the issue that a great deal of guardians battle with today. Would it be advisable for them to push their children to succeed or would it be advisable for them to let their children prevail all alone? There is no set in stone response to this inquiry, however I think it is entrancing that Deuker offers this conversation starter in a book composed for adolescents. Something other than my involvement in the various characters, I cherished Deuker’s entirely unmistakable depiction of the b-ball games: â€Å"He got it in stride, took off upward in a similar smooth movement, and tenderly laid the ball against the backboard. It dropped through the net similarly as the horn sounded. A tenth of a second later we were dominating him† (167). I had an inclination that I was at the game, sitting as eager and anxious as can be asking that the ball falls through the net, and bouncing into the air shouting in euphoria when it does. Despite the fact that I cherished his idyllic portrayals of the b-ball games, I felt like over and over again he utilized exceptionally fundamental, straightforward language. Each book is imperfect, yet in the event that you are into ball, similar to a tale about constancy, or need to be taken through an incredible fellowship then this book is unquestionably for you. I trust that you appreciate this book as much as I did. Yours Truly,

Sundry Issues Essay Example for Free

Various Issues Essay The current paper wishes to introduce a portion of the issues that are associated with the enlistment and choice of ostracizes for global organizations. It is essential that the administration of organizations be firmly mindful of these issues to have the option to convey the suitable, qualified work force for basic seaward assignments. One of the key issues that should be considered in the enlistment and choice of ostracizes is their ability to change strongly to the job. This implies they ought to be willing and ready to find out about the pecualirities of the way of life to which they would be conveyed, including the attributes of intensity separation, manliness, human direction, accomplishment, and future direction. Another issue is their readiness to experience exile preparing. Their mom organizations and satellite workplaces should give the foundation to such preparing however the possibility for exile must have the novel undertaking and relationship building abilities that will make them successful in their seaward assignments. Ostracize up-and-comers should likewise modify successfully to their new day to day environments, and learn as much as possible about the new standards. They ought to be happy to experience social preparing programs. The exile applicant ought to be profoundly trainable; through pre-takeoff preparing programs, they ought to be promptly be skilled at the subtleties of their new condition and culture. At last, they ought to have the option to mix well with a culturally diverse group, and relying upon their job even initiate the structure of groups in a worldwide setting. Strong Work Adjustment In view of a past research by Kabasakal and Bodur (1997), a few societies are portrayed by a solid inclination towards community and both cultural and hierarchical levels. It might maybe be helpful for the worldwide organization to at first break down the way of life to which they would appoint supervisors as far as force separation, manliness, human direction, accomplishment, and future direction (Hofstede, 1983). It might likewise investigate the business culture’s responsibility and feeling of obligation to the association, regard for administrative chain of command, kind of initiative, and other moral standards. Outfitted with such information, ostracizes can impact the desires for its exiles and help in their acclimation to the new workplace (Hofstede, 1983). Likewise, business culture correspondence styles ought to likewise be evaluated by the organization and the way through which corporate qualities and authoritative culture are transmitted. For example, is it through socialization? In certain societies, trade of favors, data sharing and fellowships are basic methods for winning and creating trust. Legitimately, directors who are sent to the nation should have such qualities as tolerance and being available to socialization with local people. Clearly, exiles will encounter an entire host of changes in being sent to a worldwide post. On an individual level, they are required to experience a change from a situation to which they were familiar with one which is extremely new. Normally, this necessary changes in their living propensities, and involved finding a sound, novel harmony between their work and individual distractions. For a larger part of people, this exhausts an excessive amount of time and exertion. In this way, the HR branch of the global organization should make a move to get ready them so they may adapt to these troubles in change. The examination of Mendenhall and Oddou (1985) demonstrate that acclimation to the culturally diverse features of a worldwide task requires three unmistakable individual capacities, as follows: 1) the ability to continue an esteemed feeling of self; 2) the capacity to partner to have nationals; 3) the capacity to mentally welcome the conviction frameworks that support practices in the host nation. On the off chance that ostracizes will be arranged with these characteristics, it would have been simpler for them to modify on the grounds that their desires were all the more viably oversaw (Black, 1990b; Mendenhall Oddou, 1985). On the off chance that they had such characteristics, it would have been increasingly likely for them to alter effectively in their seaward task. In a related vein, the global organization is obliged to help select those people with these perfect attributes for exile assignments. In any case, while the association may attempt its best to send perfect up-and-comers, they are as often as possible inaccessible †along these lines, tradeoffs and bargains might be required. Ostracizes should give their best to locate a shot what makes their remote partners ‘tick’. They could begin with learning the nuts and bolts of the way of life, standards, convictions, and customs. They ought to likewise take each risk to interface with their associates to encourage this socio-social change process. Groundwork for Expatriation Moreover, global organizations must guarantee that they are prepared to set up their ostracizes for seaward assignments. With the reconciliation of worldwide markets and the expanding development of global business movement, global organizations need to figure out how to adequately oversee, facilitate, control and synergise its tasks with their seaward partners. This readiness procedure, be that as it may, isn't such a simple assignment. The trouble lies in the way this expects them to have extraordinary aptitudes unique in relation to those that end up being viable when they were appointed as directors in the neighborhood office from which they were conveyed. Exiles ought to be outfitted with the information on the satellite company’s hierarchical culture and theory, home nation strategic policies, standards and customs. Being allocated to a remote domain with impossible to miss political, social, and financial working conditions, ostracizes experience both employment related and individual challenges (Birdseye Hill, 1995). On the off chance that these issues communicated by the group are not given sufficient consideration, this outcomes in outrageous worry in both the expatriate’s individual life and life, and eventually to ostracize turnover. Features of Cross Cultural Adjustment for Expatriates Predeparture Expatriation Training Programs Multinational organizations should guarantee that preparation programs are given to contender for exile to encourage their change in accordance with pleasantries, by and large everyday environments, and social standards. For instance, social assorted variety preparing projects and learning meetings focusing on values, propensities, convictions, religion and language of local people must be a piece of the readiness of exiles. These will assist them with experiencing the influence time frame all the more effectively and rapidly. In this unique circumstance, ostracizes ought to likewise be distinctly mindful of the specific features of life in the neighborhood nation. In the event that ostracizes that their families are made mindful of these data and their desires all around oversaw, at that point unwanted astonishments might be kept away from (Cavusgil et al. , 1992; Marlin et al. , 1995; Tung, 1982).

Bush V. Gore Free Essays

Josh Hanlon January eleventh, 2013 CLN4U-01 Mr. Currie Law Research Essay Bush versus Carnage: Why The Votes Should Have Been Counted Bush versus We will compose a custom paper test on Bramble V. Blood or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Violence was depicted as a disputable political decision without a doubt. The votes in a few Florida areas were set up into question with respect to whether they ought to be tallied or not. In a Democratic Election every legitimate vote must be checked. The fundamental contentions around this issue were Article 2, Section 1 of the Constitution, the understanding of the Equal Protection Clause and disarray around casting a ballot cutoff times during the Recount. This procedure was exacerbated by the absence of unprejudiced judges and secretary of state. The underlying contention encompassing this issue is Article 2, Section 1 of the Constitution. Article 2, Section 1 of the Constitution states, â€Å"In presidential races, each State will name, in such way as the lawmaking body thereof may coordinate, the voters to which the State is entitled. † That being said 3 judges, Rehnquist, Scalia, and Thomas all contended that Florida abused this; there contention set a great deal of accentuation on the word â€Å"legislature†. Which means to state that there is a distinction between the State, who is engaged to choose its own balloters and that own State’s council. Besides, this Article of the Constitution is totally out of the Supreme Court’s purview in the conditions. The Supreme Court ought to have nothing to do with issues of state law in the middle of the State and their own Legislature. Additionally, the Florida Supreme Court held that â€Å"a lawful vote may incorporate any voting form from which it is sensibly conceivable to decide the away from of the voter, regardless of whether the ‘chad’ had been totally punched through, which is reliable with the law of the away from of the States†. Boss Justice Rehnquist as he would see it contended that this understanding was so silly and not reflected with Florida enactment, that it disregarded Article 2. He asserted that in light of the fact that most areas use punch cards that instruct you to unmistakably punch your voting form no sensible individual could check a vote that wasn’t plainly punched entirely through. (Geoffrey R. Stone, Equal Protection? ) The Florida Election Code expresses that â€Å"no vote will be proclaimed invalid if there is an away from of the goal of the voter†, additionally a multi year old Florida Law point of reference expresses that â€Å"must give rules identifying with races a development for the citizen’s option to cast a ballot, and the expectation of the voters ought to win when tallying ballots† (Constitution of the State of Florida, As Revised in 1968) After hearing this, the other 6 Justices presumed that the Florida Supreme Court choice was in since quite a while ago settled point of reference and said it didn’t even bring up an issue under Article 2 of the Constitution. In more straightforward terms, expressing that those votes were legitimate and that the guidelines set were adequate to figure out which votes ought to and ought not be checked. Onto the Equal Protection Clause, the Supreme Court essentially negates themselves on this issue. In the wake of expressing the democratic norms set by the Florida Supreme Court didn’t damage Article 2, they proceeded to express that it abuses the Equal Protection condition in light of the fact that â€Å"the principles for tolerating or dismissing challenged polling forms may fluctuate from district to region as well as even inside a solitary county† (Geoffrey R. Stone, Equal Protection? ). Is alarming that the Florida Constitution states, â€Å"The goal of the voters ought to win when checking ballots† implying that if there is any goal the vote ought to be tallied, and if this wasn’t exact enough for the Supreme Court for what reason did they vote to maintain it on the Article 2, Section 1 vote? On the off chance that the Supreme Court required a uniform standard for including and describing votes in Florida, for what reason does it not need a uniform standard for casting a ballot? Is the way that punch card casting a ballot has an adequately higher possibility of having your vote not tallied contrasted with PC casting a ballot where there is an absolute minimum possibility of your votes not being checked abusing the Equal Protection Clause also? Or then again is it the way that punch card districts are all the more generally in low salary provinces, who will in general vote Republican (Al Gore)? These things ould be viewed as prejudicial or â€Å"not equal† just as the non-uniform standard for checking, yet in the event that the Supreme Court has concluded that the describe standard is in infringement at that point in figured the entire Election ought to be rendered â€Å"Unconstitutional† and put to an end, right? To proceed, no it ought not be put to an end. The Supreme Court ought to have requested a stay on the Recount until a uniform standard was set up for the entirety of the Florida Counties and they ought to have requested that each state have a uniform standard for Recounts for future races. The Supreme Court settled on a Pragmatic yet Unlawful choice in deciding in favor of the infringement of the Equal Protection Clause which prompted the stoppage of the 2000 Florida Recount. (Bo Li, Perspectives, Vol. 2, No. 3). This abandons referencing the way that Bush’s province of Texas had a uniform democratic standard which permitted anything to be included in the situation of a relate including a dimpled chad. This implies Governor Bush marked in a bill that let any vote with slight plan be included during the time spent a Recount, yet is contending that expectation of a voter is an unlawful contention. This is fraudulent and shows an absence of character, if Bush genuinely has confidence in the Constitution he ought to leave all the lawful votes alone tallied to check whether he really won the Presidency of the United States. On the off chance that Bush genuinely thought about the straightforward uniform measures for Recounting, he ought to have requested for a stay until uniform principles were set up. Rather he contended the whole Recount illegal and the 5-4 lion's share (5 Republican Judges-4 Democratic Judges) concluded that there was no motivation to Recount perhaps legitimate votes whenever it got an opportunity of hurting Bush’s opportunity to become Prime Minister. Lawful investigators from everywhere throughout the Country clarified it as the Justices attempting to settle on a commonsense choice by stopping this debate, turns out it exploded backward on them. (Geoffrey R. Stone, Equal Protection? ) The third point to be clarified for this situation is the continuous contention over democratic cutoff times and how the brilliant Secretary of State in Florida Katherine Harris’ contemplations were continually being constrained by Bush counsels. Katherine Harris (and Friends) made it extremely evident that they would ot be tolerating votes after a specific cutoff time, which allowed for the first describe. Every one of these votes must be stepped and marked to be viewed as lawful votes. This left the Democratic Party hysterically attempting to describe casts a ballot and get them stepped and in on schedule. At the point when she decided that if votes were not stepped and marked they couldn't be acknowledged, the Democratic Party contended th at huge amounts of Military votes couldn't be tallied on the grounds that they were once in a while stepped and marked. In the US there is no democratic law that states Military Votes can be acknowledged with no signature or stamp. This clearly prompted a hubbub from Republicans (Who most military votes get threw for) in light of the fact that it was only unscrupulous for the Democrats to remove unlawful decisions in favor of the Republicans. What the Republicans neglect to acknowledge is that removing Florida residents lawful votes since you are frightened of losing is likewise unscrupulous. The Democrats later altered their perspectives and advised the Secretary to reexamine the Military votes and give them uncommon thought. (Joseph I. Lieberman, Military Ballots Merit a Review) There are a couple of different variables I might want to add to point of view before shutting my contention, in Florida the Republican influenced Secretary of State Katherine Harris put 20 Thousand individuals on the Voter Purge list. A Large gathering of these individuals had done nothing incorrectly, specifically an African-American Pastor couldn't cast a ballot since his name was like that of a solidified criminal in Florida (HBO Documentary, Recount). The most intriguing certainty of everything was that the 3 Judges who decided in favor of Bush in the two occurrences (Rehnquist, Scalia, Thomas) were totally viewed as Republican appointed authorities. Over the most recent 30 years at the Supreme Court the 19 Cases including the Equal Protection Clause concerning laws against race, old, and different minorities they casted a ballot an ideal 19 for 19 to maintain the Equal Protection Clause. However, the one case including Politics and the gathering they are related with they oddly enough casted a ballot against it with next to no thinking. (Geoffrey R. Stone, Equal Protection? ) If that’s not Politics in Black Robes, what is. In Conclusion, Legal votes in Florida were not checked when they ought to have een. The different thoughts, for example, the best possible vote in Article 2, Section 1, the logical inconsistency and unlawful deciding on the Equal Protection Clause and the confounding cutoff times with respect to votes were all instances of how things can be exacerbated by unbiased Judges and Secretary of States. The votes in Florida ought to have been described after a uniform standard was set up like the one in Texas a nd the genuine aftereffects of the 2000 Election ought to have been deciphered. With or without else, the entire United States ought to have a uniform democratic, checking and relating standard to dispose of this disarray later on. List of sources http://www. leg. state. fl. us/resolutions/list. cfm? mode=constitutionsubmenu=3 http://www. nytimes. com/2000/11/20/us/checking vote-truant voting forms military-polling forms merit-audit lieberman-says. html? pagewanted=allsrc=pm http://understand. lib. uchicago. edu/1/777777122240/http://www. oycf. organization/Perspectiv

8 Critical Cash Flow Rules

8 Critical Cash Flow Rules Did you know…Small businesses in US cite cash flow as one of their top 5 challenges82% of failed small businesses failed due to poor cash flow managementFrom an analysis of 101 failed startups, 29% were found to have failed due to lack of cashFor any entrepreneur, these figures paint a grim picture of the business environment. No-one starts a business with the expectation that it will prematurely dieâ€"though there is always the fear of that possibility.But such stats should not cause you too much worry, just concern.And with the knowledge you’re about to gain, you’ll at least be better off and can make better decisions. The same way big businesses started small and are doing well, so can yours.With good cash flow management being a critical factor in running a successful business, here are some principles to guide you.First, let’s get some basics out of the way.Positive vs Negative Cash FlowCash flow can be either positive or negative. Your business is better off when runnin g with a positive cash flow.Cash flow is positive when the amount of money coming in is more than that leaving the business.Money coming in will be through your receivables while that going out is through your payables. Receivables are mainly sales plus other revenue-generating activities your business is involved in.Payables are all the expenses you incur including external payments to lenders as well as internal ones like salaries.If you realize that your cash flow is negative, it’s time to do some work. Negative cash flow can result in serious business problems.Working Capital vs Cash FlowOne term used almost interchangeably with cash flow is working capital. Although the two are connected, they are very different.Your working capital tells you the overall strength of your business in the long-term. Cash flow on the other hand tells you about the short-term status of your business. Long-term in this case refers to more than 12 months and short-term is less than that.From an acc ounting point of view, working capital is calculated by subtracting your liabilities from your assets. The more your working capital, the more assured you can be of the profitability of your business.But working capital is not all you need to look at. Considering the above-mentioned statistics, cash flow is a major factor to consider.As much as it concerns the short-term, it is that short-term that can adversely affect your business.Money will flow in and out of your business on a daily, weekly or monthly basis.But if this flow is not well balanced and managed, the business might not exist for long enough to achieve your long-term goals.Just think about what could happen if you cannot pay your rent and salaries for four consecutive months.Won’t this affect your business negatively?You might as well be kicked out of the premises you’re running your business from. And that is assuming your employees will be waiting all this while.CASH FLOW RULES FOR A SUCCESSFUL BUSINESSWe would l ike to help you avoid being one of the businesses not succeeding due to cash flow problems.For this reason, we prepared this article to guide you on the things to keep an eye on.These seven rules will give you the ability to handle your cash flow better. With good cash flow management, you’ll have a thriving business.1. Cash is Really KingYou have heard this before. And it’s very true.The abundance of cash in your business provides numerous opportunities. In a similar way, the lack of it spells doom.The number of businesses affected by poor liquidity management are many.The key to understanding the importance of being liquid is to remember that you have periodic payments to make. Such payments are made from cash. And cash is different from sales.Many business owners tend to confuse between revenues and cash. These two are different.Revenues are simply a note of the transactions done. Only when you’re paid for those transactions do you count yourself as having received cash.2. Profits and Cash are Different ThingsFollowing the above point, profit figures can also be misleading to the less experienced business owner.If you’re struggling with these two terms, a simple differentiation is that profits don’t pay bills but cash does.Why?Because profits do not necessarily equal cash.If you take a look at your PL (Profit and Loss) report and decide that you have enough money to run your business, you’ll be wrong.The reason is that profits as per the PL report come from sales made without payments being received.Profits are therefore not the best measure of your financial status as a business. Unless you’re looking at the bigger picture, get a cash flow summary and make decisions based on that.3. Increase in Inventory Means Decrease in CashOne of the things you may be looking for as a business owner is more sales. This is a good thing and certainly worth pursuing.If you sell tangible products and want to have more stock for the expected increase in sales, good.Ask the production team to increase production.Empower your sales and marketing teams and urge them to work towards more revenues. But as you do so, note that it’s going to cost you.The cost may not be direct but it will certainly show in your cash flow summary.As you pump out more goods, either by producing or buying more from suppliers, there is a cost attached.The more inventory you have lying in your store or warehouse, the more your cash flow is stuck.Every product bought or produced costs money. That money has been spent from your cash as an expense. As more cash flows out of the business, will you be having a positive or negative cash flow?As long as expenses are higher than incomes, the situation needs correcting.4. Always Make Cash Flow ProjectionsOne way to stay safe is by making cash flow projections. This is like planning ahead of any activity.And just as planning is essential and helpful in anticipating challenges, so are cash flow projections.Making cash flow pr ojections will help you recognize potential problems before they show up.With the projection, you’ll be having a map of where you want your business to go.If after 1 month you’re not where you expected to be, then you can take a closer look to identify the problem.Without a projection, it’s impossible to do this since you have nothing to use for comparison.In making a projection, you might be tempted to make one and keep it in your mind.This can feel and sound like a quick way of going about it but it’s not the best.It would be best to engage your finance team and other managers to discuss this. If you’re the only employee of the business, then you’ll do it alone. But the important thing is to draft the projection and have physical copies at hand.You can have several in relevant files, even in the cloud for access from anywhere.5. Always Know Your Cash BalanceHow fast can you make a business decision? And how good will that decision be?Good decisions are made when knowle dge is available. Great decisions are made when insights are available. And the best decisions are made when you understand the whole situation.If cash flow problems are big enough to cause businesses to close down, then you should always be on top of things. You may not be the accountant but he reports to you. If you have a big finance department, then the FC might be the one reporting to you.Whichever the case, you need to have some financial data on your fingertips.As the business owner, you’ll be interacting with other business owners or company representatives who are decision makers. If you spotted a good business opportunity, how long would it take you to make a decision?If you’ll need to call your accountant for updates or check the latest report, someone else might get an advantage.The ability to make sound business decisions is determined by how much you understand your business and the factors affecting it.Your should know your cash flow balance. If your business has many daily transactions, you can ask to be updated twice a day. If they are few, maybe twice a week. Whichever schedule you set, just keep those numbers close.6. B2B Business Strains Your Cash FlowIf you run a B2C business, you may not be affected much by this. But if you’re in the B2B business, then keep this in mind.Any time you sell to another business, your cash flow is at stake.This doesn’t mean that you should cease B2B operations. It just means that you should be smart about them.Unlike where you sell directly to consumers and they pay you immediately, selling to other businesses means you wait for the payment.You will deliver or they’ll pick up goods then get an invoice. The invoice will be paid after 30 days, 60 days and in some cases, later than that.This can be a major challenge if you don’t have enough cash to sustain your operations.Whereas there isn’t any automatic solution to this, there are steps you can take to counter this. More on this in the section abo ut managing your cash flow.When making your cash flow projections, take this into consideration. Plan for the potential delays in receiving payments so you don’t expect too much then get disappointed.7. Business Growth Doesn’t Solve Cash Flow ProblemsAs an entrepreneur, you want your business to grow and flourish.And since cash constraints can hamper growth, you may think that growing your business will solve any cash flow problems you might have.Well, that’s wrong. In fact, it may make things worse.How?Business growth requires cash. And if you’re cash-strapped, then growth may not be possible.However, you can get external funding like loans, and that is a better way of going about growth.But if you insist on using cash to expand your business, you’ll end up in big problems.If you have cash flow problems, look for solutions from right within your business.Get the data and take a close look at it. You’ll likely spot issues which when dealt with, will release so much cash into your hands.It all boils down to reducing your periodic expenses while increasing your incomes.TIPS FOR MANAGING YOUR CASH FLOWSince it’s all about having more income and less expenses, what better way of helping you other than giving you some tips to implement?The management of cash flow requires some smart thinking.The good thing about smart thinking is that anyone can learn. This is like many other things in life, e.g communication skills, which can be learned by anyone.Here are 9 tips which will help you manage your cash flow like a pro.1. Monitor Your Cash FlowAlways monitor your cash flow. This is the only way you’ll be able to detect issues early enough. And the sooner you detect them, the easier it will be to solve them.To do this, keep an eye on your periodic expenses and cash inflows. Stay updated on major transactions in your business.You can set the limit for your finance team and ask them to notify you about any payable or receivable above a certain amount, e.g $500.This should be in addition to receiving regular updates, like weekly or monthly, depending on your preferences.2. Get Paid FasterNow here is a trick which may have been played on you without you realizing it.Have you ever been told by a supplier that if you pay on time you’ll pay less? Did you pay on time in order to save some money?No harm if you did. But just know that you fell for a trick. And just to be clear, it’s not a bad trick. It was just a case of someone acting smart. And you’ll also learn how to do the same.Realizing that less money in his pocket now is better than more money in his pocket 2 or 3 months later, the supplier gave you a discount. While you looked for savings and went for the deal, he was looking for faster payment and he got it. Source: The QuickBooks BlogTo encourage your customers, especially your B2B customers to pay you faster, offer them discounts if they pay early.If the invoice terms are 30 days after invoicing, you can offer 10% discount if the payment is made immediately. If it’s done within 3 weeks, the discount can be 7% and 5% if paid in the last week.Any payment done after the due date can attract late fees.Clearly indicate these terms on the invoice itself and don’t use the small fonts typically used for terms and conditions. It should be easy to see the offer since you’re trying to attract attention to them.Communicate the same during contract signing and maybe even mention it when making a sale.3. Pay Less QuicklyAnd just the same way you can encourage others to pay you quickly, you can also seek to pay others less quickly.Before you label this as an unfair tactic, keep in mind that you’ll have to discuss this with your suppliers. They are the ones to either agree or disagree with you r plan.If they give you some extra room in payments, go ahead and take the longest time possible.Since you’ll have it planned for, you shouldn’t get into any problems. And when the situation on your side is good, you can decide to surprise them one day with a prompt payment.The best way to look at this situation is as a negotiation. You’ll be seeking to get the best terms through which to do business with your suppliers. And if they can offer it, why not?Here is a video advising how to negotiate rates even if you already have an agreement.Try it out and see. It works perfectly well. You are looking to free up your money and you should look for ways to make that happen.4. Sell Obsolete AssetsCash flow is about in and outflow of cash, right? And positive cash flow is better than negative cash flow.So what are you doing holding on to assets you no longer use yet they can bring in money?Sell them.If these are machinery or other physical items in your offices, save the space while making some money.If it’s an old vehicle whose maintenance is high, why not sell it and get a new one on credit?Do the math and see what the trade-off looks like.But before concluding that a new one will be more expensive, consider the intangible costs involved.For example, maintaining an old vehicle might be cheaper compared to buying a new one. But what is the impact of using that old vehicle?Are deliveries often delayed due to slow speeds? Maybe due to frequent breakdowns? Or probably there is a lot of inefficiency since it can’t carry many products thus making more trips?5. Use a Cash Flow Tool for ReportingTo see the cash flow status of your business, you require a cash flow summary. This can be provided by your accountant on paper or from the accounting system you’re using.Find out from your team how much of an effort it is to generate the report. If you’re the one handling your finances, then how tasking is it to prepare a cash flow summary?And do you do it correctly? To get things running well and have the confidence that your data is accurate, consider using technology where necessary. Check out a few cash flow reporting tools and pick one if necessary.Remember that you or your team also become more productive when your work gets easier.6. Get External Financing for Big PurchasesWhen you’re about to make a big purchase, do not use cash for it.What if the deal is a real bargain?Even then, keep your cash away from the transaction.Do you remember that one of the things you’ll be doing from now on is trying to get paid faster? How sure are you that the seller isn’t doing the same thing?A rule of thumb regarding cash flow is this: always ensure you have as much cash as possible.So whatever you do, seek to always have as much cash with you as possible. You never know what’s going to happen tomorrow, the next week, month etc.And remember that cash flow problems have the ability to lead to business failure. Learn from those who went through the experience.7. Leasing is Better than BuyingThere has always been a debate on whether to lease equipment or buy them. Which side of the debate are you on?Whereas it’s easy to see buying as the better option, believe it or not, leasing is actually better.Why?Because it’s cheaper.Think about it. Between building an office block and renting a few offices in an already-built building, which is cheaper? Yes, other factors need to be considered, but in many cases, building your own office is more expensive.When you lease equipment, you don’t own it. For that reason, the one who owns it is responsible for seeing it work as expected. That sets you free from the burden of maintenance and supply of necessary accessories.For example, instead of buying a big 3-in-1 printer then maintain it yourself, you can lease one and save on maintenance. The only thing you’ll be doing is   buying printing papers.However, you still have to do your math to see the exact savings you’ll make before le asing.For a printer for instance, check how many toners or cartridges you use per month.If the cost of those toners is higher than the monthly payment you’ll make in the lease contract, then go for it.8. Get Partial Payments for Big OrdersA common situation some manufacturers find themselves in is receiving a big order, starting to work on it, then get paid after delivery.If you’re just starting out in business, you might agree to this arrangement for the sake of signing the deal.But it’s dangerous. Do you remember that payments are rarely made on time?To be safe, ask for some down payment or deposit of some sort. If the whole job costs $4,000, then ask for something like 25% of the full amount before beginning the work.This way, even if there is some delay in payment, you have at least reduced the outstanding amount.9. Have Some Cash ReservesEven after all the planning and monitoring, rarely will everything go as planned.As such, it’s wise to have some cash reserved for eme rgency cases. You can decide to make this amount a percentage, say 200% of your payables. This covers you for two months in case things get thick.To be successful with this, you will do well to be clear what “emergency” means.It should not be easy to get money from this account as that will not serve the intended purpose.This money should only be used when nothing else can be done. It should be the very last option you have.For example, you could decide that the money will only be used when your suppliers have threatened you with a lawsuit. Or when you’re almost about to be kicked out of your business premises.Whatever situation you decide to use as a definition of your business emergency, just make sure it reflects the purpose.CONCLUSIONCash flow problems are real but can be avoided with proper planning.Get to know your expenses, make projections and put a cash reserve in place.This will help you mitigate any cash flow threats.

The Trouble Of Vaccines - Free Essay Example

More than 3 million people die from vaccine-preventable diseases each year. Approximately 1.5 million of these deaths are in children less than 5 years old (Childrens). Those children never had a choice in their parents decision. These children were never able to make a difference in the world.They werent even old enough to learn how to ride a bike. Their parents decided for them to not listen to the doctor and not vaccinate them. Vaccines are small injections of a substance. Then the immune system learns how to fight off the disease. So that when you are infected youre body knows how to fight back. Without Vaccines, children wouldnt be introduced to the disease until its too late and they are already infected and unable to fight back. CDC spokespeople have come out and said that vaccines are the most effective protection against most diseases caused by viruses, because antibiotics do not work against such infections (Immunization). Antibiotics do not work on the viruses, such as a cold and flu, because they are changing and evolving all the time. When a child is infected with a disease the only thing you can do for them is wait and give them plenty of fluids. These infections usually last 7 to 10 days of suf fering that could have been easily prevented. While it can be against some religious beliefs , vaccines should be mandatory for everyone in the United States because it is necessary to keep infection rates low, it saves time, money, and lives, and it is the safest way to get everyone immunized.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, vaccines should be mandatory for everyone because it is necessary to keep vaccinating so the diseases dont have a chance of coming back. Ordinary people will hear of a virus being eradicated in the united states and think that they do not need a vaccine because it will never come back, but this mentality is very wrong. Vaccines for certain diseases will always be a necessity. Just because it is wiped out in America does not mean that it is wiped out in a different country   (U.S. vaccines protect).   Diseases have the ability of traveling across borders because of the increase of international trade and global travel. People are introducing new diseases to the countries that they are visiting. Epidemics and pandemics are becoming a worldwide danger because these countries are not able to combat the disease (Issue). When a patient is emitted into the hospital and the doctors are trying to diagnose them, one of the background history questions is , have you been to a foreign country lately. They ask this because they know that not every country in vaccinated for everything that we are. If an american is not vaccinated for a disease that is no longer a threat to the US, they could be infected once they travel internationally to a country with the disease. Against popular belief, the polio disease has not been completely eradicated. Because parents think it has, they choose not to vaccinate against polio to try to get rid of at least one shot for their babies.   If parents stopped vaccinating their children for the polio vaccine then they risk making their child susceptible to polio. Polio is a virus that can lead to walking disabilities and even death (Centers). It is still a prevalent disease in 4 countries around the world and if those people travel then they will spread it to the people who are not vaccinated. Another reason why they are necessary is because by getting a vaccine people are contributing to community immunity. This is when enough people get a vaccine that it helps protect the others that are unable to get an immunization (U.S. vaccines protect). Some people with immune deficiency diseases are unable to receive certain immunizations, but because of community immunity they will not have to worry about an outbreak. Some people think that because of community immunity that they do not need to get a vaccine because they figure everyone else will protect them. But this is simply not true, if everyone had the same mentality then community immunity would not work and those people will the immune deficiency would be at a much greater risk of becoming infected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Additionally, vaccines can save parents time, money, and their childrens lives. Each year, about 85 percent of the worlds children receive vaccines that protect them against tuberculosis, polio, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and measles. These vaccines save about 2.5 million lives (Childrens). By giving these children their vaccines, it is preventing then from becoming infected and is helping the other non immunized children because the illness never has a chance of surviving in a community of protected people. Without these vaccines, a child could be more susceptible to becoming ill because their immune systems are so weak. They do not know how to fight anything off, but with a little help from vaccines their bodies will make their own antibodies and be able to recognize certain diseases and know how to fight them off. Before the vaccine for measles was released just about every American was diagnosed with measles. Once someone was infected with the di sease they would most likely contract other illness such as ear infections, pneumonia, or diarrhea that can lead to a quicker death (Centers). Measles were a very common thing back then compared to know and it had very high death rate. The start of vaccines really changed the illness rate of measles. With the introduction of MMR in 1988 the infection rate went plummeting from up to half a million children to near zero. (Darzi). Vaccines could have the potential of saving millions of womens lives also. Human papillomavirus is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases. It affects around 20 million Americans. Most cases go unnoticed but some cases report genital warts and even certain cancers. The most prevalent related disease to HPV is cervical cancer, which kills nearly 4,000 women each year in the united states (HPV Vaccine). A lot of times no one knows that they have HPV so they are having unprotected sex and giving it to other people and can result in fatal cancers.   I see what cervical cancer can do, says Maurie Markman, the vice president for clinical research at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston. I see the pain, The suffering the importance of preventing it I cant possibly overstate(HPV Vaccine). Markman is saying that HPV should always be prevented because it can cause so much hardship in a persons life and one of those ways is to get the vaccination. Howeve r, Some people argue that because the HPV vaccine helps prevent a common STD then girls will consider that a licenses to have premarital sex. But this is simply not true. It is like saying that if you give a child a tetanus shot then they will run around on nails barefoot (HPV Vaccines). Just because a person in vaccinated for something does not mean they will run wild with it because there are still other STD they can contract.   Also these women may not be having the unprotected sex willingly. Studies show that thirteen percent of all women in the U.S. will be sexually assaulted. So a women who is sexually absent could be assaulted and contract HPV (HPV Vaccines). These women who are being sexually assaulted are already going through one nightmare and the HPV Vaccine can help prevent another.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Vaccines are not just saving a patients life, they also save children and their parents time and money. Without an immunization a child could get sick from the germs at a school which would cost then time learning and their parents time at work because they would have to stay home to care for them. The child and parent would then have to travel to the doctors office, pay a copay, pay for the recommended medication, and miss out on a whole day of work and school. However, with a vaccination the child would have never gotten sick and never miss out on valuable school time (Vaccines for kids). It is way easier to go to the doctor for a quick shot then to have to go every single time you become ill from an easily preventable illness. It costs about $50 to fully immunize a child in the developing world against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, measles, polio, tuberculosis, hepatitis B, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Childrens). Whereas, a copay with insuranc e can be upwards towards $40. You are getting the best bang for your buck by getting immunizations because with them you wont have to pay the copay because you have little chance of becoming sick.

Policy Position For Electronic Cigarettes Essay - 1453 Words

Policy Position for Electronic Cigarettes in Public Area Electronic cigarettes, which are commonly known as e-cigarettes, can be described as battery-powered devices that are packed with liquid nicotine. The liquid nicotine is a highly addictive chemical which is dissolved in a combination of propylene glycol and water. These devices are usually designed in a way that they look like real cigarettes and are availed in different colors such as brown filter, cylindrical tube, and red-glowing tip. While an individual who takes e-cigarette does not really smoke, he/she feels a sensation of smoke in the lungs and mouth. Electronic cigarettes have several advantages and disadvantages that have contributed to the numerous controversies they have generated. This has contributed to the emergence of the need for policy makers to establish a position for e-cigarettes in a public area. Evolution of the Issue Electronic cigarettes or e-cigarettes are battery-operated devices that are created to provide flavor, nicotine, and other chemicals. The device then converts the various chemicals into aerosol which is inhaled by users (â€Å"Electronic Cigarettes†, 2015). Even though many e-cigarettes are produced to resemble traditional cigarettes, some of them look like daily items such as USB devices and pens. These devices have attracted considerable attention in the recent past since users can smoke them virtually anywhere. The significant attention and use is attributed to claims thatShow MoreRelatedEffective Smoking Cessation Tool Or A New Way For Children1742 Words   |  7 PagesNeed E-Cigarette Health Policy. Jennifer A. Sibley, RN, BSN University of Florida â€Æ' Effective Smoking Cessation Tool or A New Way for Children to be Introduced to Nicotine? Why We Need E-Cigarette Health Policy. Background and Significance Electronic cigarettes, also known as e-cigarettes, were invented in 2004 by Chinese pharmacist Hon Lik following his father’s death from lung cancer (CASAA, 2012). With the intention of offering a safer alternative to traditional tobacco, e-cigarettes quicklyRead MoreE-Cigarette1180 Words   |  5 PagesBA 3103-015 Critical Analysis Paper: 1 E-CIGARETTE Big tobacco companies are betting on e-cigarettes. Why are tobacco companies investing in a product that will directly compete with their most profitable product, cigarettes? With the use of these analytical frameworks it will help us to better understand this situation. PEST PEST Analysis of Global Trends – 2011-2016 Political * Increased emphasis in healthcare | Economic * Recovering/GrowingRead MoreDeangles, M. (2015). National Electronic Health Record819 Words   |  4 PagesDeAngles, M. (2015). National Electronic Health Record Network Regulation and Synchronization of National and State Privacy Laws Needed to Increase Efficiency and Reduce Costs in Healthcare. Journal Of Legal Medicine, 36(3/4), 413-419. doi:10.1080/01947648.2015.1262194 The article focuses on the privacy laws associated with electronic health records (EHRs) and need to increase efficiency and cost reduction in healthcare. It explains that the federal government should regulate a national networkRead MoreTaking a Look at NJOY1265 Words   |  5 Pageshype, the e-cigarette industry has experienced unprecedented growth. It is no surprise that the industry has recently drawn the attention of a swarm of interested parties; competitors, supporters and opponents alike. NJOY, an electronic cigarette company, is one such company that has found it self in the midst of this attention and must now navigate its way through to survive. Currently, NJOY is facing a host of problems, which must be overcome to in order to maintain a successful position in the marketRead MoreThe Ban Of Tobacco Companies Essay1121 Words   |  5 Pagescompanies also decided to use indirect methods which include sponsoring sporting events and teams; promoting rock concerts and discos ; placing their brand logos on t-shirts, rucksacks and other merchandise popular with children; and giving away free cigarettes and brand merchandise in areas where young people gather. The article states that the ban of tobacco is already going on globally and countries like Finland, Norway and France have all imposed bans on tobacco companies. The Indian government decidedRead MoreBritish American Tobacco Investment Strategies: Past 5 Years1346 Words   |  6 PagesProducts Regulatory Agency in this case). As a natural extension of the company’s long-term focus on growth and tobacco harm reduction, in 2012 the company acquired the UK-based company CN Creative for  £62m. The company was specialized in electronic cigarette technologies and already owned Ramp;D facilities. In addition, CN Creative had already launched several regulatory approved products onto the market and had other innovative products in the development pipeline. Following this acquisitionRead MoreThe Effects Of E Cigarettes On The United States5297 Words   |  22 Pages E-cigarettes have exploded onto the scene in the past three years. Whole stores dedicated to these devices have opened their doors to the public and business is thriving. E-cigarettes are battery-charged devices that have an atomizer, or heating element, in them to vaporize liquid nicotine. The user is able to inhale this vapor and get the nicotine without the other 4,000 chemicals present in tobacco cigarette smoke (Schroeder). Nicotine is a chemical that is produced by the tobacco plant. PeopleRead MoreThe Effects Of Smoking On The Hospital Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ( Copd )1802 Words   |  8 PagesTobacco Related Report, â€Å"Everyday, more than 1,000 people in this country die due to smoking. For each of those deaths, at least two youth or young adults become regular smokers each day. Almost 90% of those replacement smokers smoke that first cigarette by age 18† (Benjamin, 2012, p. 1). Smoking not only affects the person who is smoking, but it also affects the people around them through second hand smoke. Smoking is costing recurrent admissions back to the hospital, affecting employment and increasingRead MoreCartwright Lumber Company Case1286 Words   |  6 Pages assets management, liquidity, working capital and cash flow. 1. Profitability Profitability ratios are functions of both the industry and a company’s position within the industry. The boundaries are set by the operating characteristics of the industry, within these boundaries profitability ratios are determined by a player’s relative position. Gross profit margin should stay constant or increase because cost of goods sold should be a constant percentage of sales or should decrease as the company’sRead MoreGender in the Mass Media- Projecting Masculinity1397 Words   |  6 Pagesstereotypes. Moreover, due to their great influence on people’s attitudes, they can depict certain social groups in negative and unrealistic manner. By manipulating the message, media can create a certain image of reality, which is consistent with the policy of the dominant group. As a result, the reflection of a real world is incomplete and distorted. Although people are aware of the unequal representation of certain social groups in mass media, it is hard to remain objective and insensitive to its influence

Site of the Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony

Utilitarianism Essay - 2025 Words

Utilitarianism The most important question of all is what should one do since the ultimate purpose of answering questions is either to satisfy curiosity or to decide which action to take. Complicated analysis is often required to answer that question. Beyond ordinary analysis, one must also have a system of values, and the correct system of values is utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is the system of values stating that maximizing the total happiness of all people is good. Happiness of people should be sacrificed only to bring greater happiness to other people. Psychologically, immediate happiness corresponds to what you want. Pain, including psychological distress, is the opposite of happiness. Actual happiness is not the same as†¦show more content†¦Thus, a choice of values is a choice of the decision making procedure. As with every other general theory, a naive interpretation of utilitarianism may lead to incorrect results. For example, one may be tempted to steal to transfer money to a more deserving person. However, our economic system can work only if property rights are protected, so the government has a duty to prevent theft. Theft has dangers and negative side effects such as punishment of the thief, distress of the owner, and abridgments of property rights, which are necessary for good economy. Thieves tend to have an inflated opinion of themselves; a decision procedure for theft must account for such inflation. It is for these reasons that theft is generally wrong, and for the same reasons, most societies developed an intuitive disapproval of theft. In another example, a judge may be tempted to misinterpret an unjust law so as to reach the desired result. However, the power of the judiciary is based on their good faith interpretations of the laws. Judicial honesty is essential for the reta inment of such power and thus for the compelling benefits of an independent judiciary. Another misinterpretation of utilitarianism is that you have to give away all your money to poor people in third world countries. However, money can beShow MoreRelatedUtilitarianism : Utilitarianism And Rule Utilitarianism871 Words   |  4 PagesUtilitarianism, which is also called consequentialism, is a theory in normative ethics. It is one of the best known and most influential moral theories. The main idea of utilitarianism is to determine whether actions are morally good or bad, right or wrong depends on their consequences rather than intentions. (Moreland 1) In order to understand utilitarianism, it is important to learn about Jeremy Bentham, who is the influential philosopher represented utilitarianism the best. The utilitarianismRead MoreUtilitarianism, Utilitarianism And Rule Utilitarianism980 Words   |  4 Pagesother one is utilitarianism. The former follow the idea that the conseque nces of you action hold no importance in what we ought to do. But rather, some actions are morally wrong or good by itself. The latter follows an opposite view in which the consequences of an action are what it makes an action moral. Specially, if that action produce the greatest happiness over unhappiness. In this essay I will focus on two Utilitarianism ramifications, act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. They both agreeRead MoreThe Concept Of Utilitarianism And Utilitarianism1216 Words   |  5 Pagesfor pure cynical satisfaction. Combining the subjects of torture and utilitarianism can cause a large moral dilemma. I believe that torture can be justified by the utilitarian principle, and the example given is acceptable. Yet, I believe that the concept of utilitarianism is idealistic but not realistic. Often related to utilitarianism is the term, hedonism. Utilitarianism is considered to be a type of hedonism. Utilitarianism is all about creating the greatest amount of happiness for the majorityRead MoreUtilitarianism And Its Criticisms Of Utilitarianism1437 Words   |  6 PagesUtilitarianism And Its Critiques Utilitarianism is a well known consequentialist ethical theory popularized in the 19th century by a philosopher named John Stuart Mill. Mill was one of the greatest proponents of utilitarianism but many philosophers since have revealed significant flaws with his theory, one being a more contemporary philosopher named Bernard Williams. Williams has many objections with utilitarianism, which i will divulge momentarily and determine whether these objections are justifiedRead MoreUtilitarianism And The Theory Of Utilitarianism1373 Words   |  6 Pagesmain criticisms of utilitarianism are opposites of each other in terms of belief. The first group to oppose the happiness theory draws their conclusions from the typical sense of the word utility, where it typically stands for the opposition of pleasure. The other group to oppose this theory holds the opposite view and thinks that utilitarianism bases everything on pleasure. Neither of these are accurate representations of what utilitari anism is. The author defines utilitarianism as â€Å"something toRead MoreAct Utilitarianism And Rule Utilitarianism978 Words   |  4 Pagesamount of pleasure to a situation: act and rule utilitarianism. I will define both act and rule utilitarianism, give a situation where both can be applied, and respond to an objection of utilitarianism. I will also be discussing why I believe act utilitarianism helps more people than rule utilitarianism, in turn, becoming ‘superior’ to rule utilitarianism. 2. To begin, I will be defining both act and rule utilitarianism. In act utilitarianism, you determine the morality of an act by measuringRead MoreUtilitarianism Vs. Mill Utilitarianism1004 Words   |  5 Pagesanism: Bentham VS. Mill Utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory that holds the morally right course of action in any given situation is the course of which yields the greatest balance of benefits over harms. More specifically, utilitarianism’s core idea is that the effects of an action determine whether actions are morally right or wrong. Created with the philosophies of Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806–1873), Utilitarianism began in England in the 19th Century. BenthamRead MoreUtilitarianism : Utilitarianism And Philosophical Ideas1427 Words   |  6 PagesMill begins his book on Utilitarianism by laying out some basic ethical and philosophical ideas. From what I have read in his book I believe that Utilitarianism can be defined as the idea that humans should make decisions based on the ability to promote the most happiness to them. Another way to say it would be that Utilitarianism states that a good decision is what brings the most happiness to the most people. Mill based his utilitarian theory on the decisions that people make. He says the decisionsRead MoreUtilitarianism Vs. Utilitarianism Theory909 Words   |  4 Pages In the history of philosophy Utilitarianism has been viewed as one of the best of the moral theories. It has become one the most powerful, influential, and most persuasive approach to normative ethics. The utilitarianism theory also has had a major impacts on approaches to economic, political, and social policy. The utilitarianism theory had originally had been created by Jeremy Bentham. His version of was that aggregate pleasure after deducting suffering of all involved in any action. HoweverRead MoreMill s Utilitarianism : Utilitarianism1251 Words   |  6 PagesMill’s Utilitarianism For centuries philosophers have attempted to explain morals, creating ideas that break this ethical system down into basic components. English philosopher, John Stuart Mill, was a large contributor to the idea of utilitarianism. Although Mill’s utilitarianism provides a strong argument for explaining morality, it is not a bulletproof theory. J.S. Mill’s Principle of utility, also known as the greatest happiness principle, is an ethical philosophy that looks at the development

Routine Activity Theory, High Risk Lifestyles Theory

Sexual abuse is observed in every country in different age groups of females ,have more risk of getting victimized by known and from strangers too. Crime done by offender (teenage boys) influenced by peer group ,perform sexual assault This essay explains the application of routine activity theory in case of Rehtaeh Parson (victim) experienced sexual assault( followed by suicide) ,attempted by her friend (abuser and criminals). Routine activity theory basically originated from three theories: crime opportunity theory, victim precipitation theory, high risk lifestyles theory . Cohen and Marcus(1956 ) reported that Routine activity theory—also sometimes referred to as lifestyle theory—has proven to be one of the more useful theories†¦show more content†¦There are major 3 factors which increase the risk of crime . lack of capable guardian, caretakers are there for babies as parents are working ,neglected children, include the role of police ,home makers and poor security systems , Like internet activities ,crime is done by using browsing and using popular operating systems and web browser led to increased risk of criminal activity. Other factor like unlocked homes also give a good chance to theft to steel the expensive items from houses, steeling of expensive cars from roads, streets and houses, things which are easy to carry have higher risk of getting stolen evidenced in journal in which uncounted smaller currency was stolen with car during car wash cycle. Leaving of valuable things in open view of invitation to potential criminals . J.B Roberts(2004) states ,the criminal event is triggered by a confluence of often routine activities where the offender and victim converge in a specific setting at a particular time and place, and where there is an absence of capable management and other environmental factors present which would present unacceptable risks to the ordinary opportunistic perpetrator. Teenage boys get influenced by peer groups, living in high crime areas, engaged in risky behaviors such as taking alcohol (Siegal, Brown and Hoffman, 2013) and who are having no job and employment . these teenage boys go night and have parties , hanging and clubbing (taking drugs) these

Explore the impact of social, cultural and historical on your play Free Essays

The historical, social and cultural influenced our play immensely because in order to create an understanding of our stimulus gender we needed to explore different sides to gender. We decided that in order for the audience to work out the meaning behind our play they needed to fully understand the idea of gender both past and present. During the creation of our play we thought it was important to bring up certain topical issues, we decided the main issues would be how women were treated in the past and present, domestic violence, love and relationships, stereotypes and social roles. We will write a custom essay sample on Explore the impact of social, cultural and historical on your play or any similar topic only for you Order Now We chose the idea of ‘lion tamers’ because it was based on a circus however we twisted it so the scene was ‘lady tamers’ to show how women were treated in the past. We started off with the ladies as wild animals with the men in the middle shouting out the orders such as ‘wash the floor’. Then we went onto more advanced techniques were we stood in a ‘Stepford wife pose’ and spoke lines such as ‘have dinner ready, plan even the night before so he can have a warm meal on time. In order to create a realistic impression of what women’s roles were in the past we looked at The Good housewife’s guide this was a booklet of instruction from the 50s telling young women how to be a good housewife and because some of the instruction were incredibly †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and unrealistic which we thought the audience would find humorous. We then decided to do go the other extreme with the scene where the ladies take over, we wanted the women to be powerful both mentally and physical this was to show how times have changed and in particular how women in society have changed. A very important issue we wanted to concentrate on was domestic violence because this was a hard hitting issue involving gender. We researched different aspects of domestic violence and found that it is equally common nowadays as it was in the past and although it isn’t necessarily true for every case men seem to be the†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ of the problem. We had a real problem incorporating this issue into the initial idea of the circus because we didn’t know how to make a serious topic humorous. Eventually we came up with a Punch and Judy sketch and this was Perfect because it showed the issue of domestic violence and stuck to the idea of the circus. As a group we decided that it would be nice to look at the positive side of gender because up till then it had all been negative. We used the idea of a tight rope act to show the ups n downs of relationships and love, we had a boy at one end of the tight rope and a girl at the other and they would walk along and take turns saying what they didn’t like about each other and the other person would begin to wobble on the tight rope however after each little speech they would end it with ‘but I love him/her. ‘ We wanted to embrace the opposite sexes differences and make the audience view gender in a positive light. How to cite Explore the impact of social, cultural and historical on your play, Papers

The Role of the Technical Trainer free essay sample

This is a research study which examines presenting and evaluation methods of technical training. An examination of the needs and challenges of the technical trainer when designing and delivering instruction through the use of technology, specifically through critical incident questioning. This study determines the skills and competencies required by the trainer in order to effectively deliver information. Included are diagrams and graphs to explain the material analyzed. The role of a technical trainer carries a heavy weight in todays workplace. With the ever-changing pace of todays technology, there must be a way to provide guidance and support to these trainers. Research suggests that technical training contains a range of positive and negative characteristics. Teaching via the Internet can be categorized as either institutional, instructional, technical, or personal, and the specific reservation about employing this technology may be closely related to the type and degree of technological use. (Piotrowski Vodanovich, 2000, p. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of the Technical Trainer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 48).

Drugs And Alcohol Study Guide free essay sample

High school students gt; college binge drink Leads to alcohol abuse amp; dependence ~Effect of alcohol on body: alters brain chem. amp; changes neurotransmitter func. Affects balance amp; motor func. , rational thinking amp; problem solving ~Alcohol Metabolism: 90% is metabo in the liver rest in stomach; between 2-10% is not metabo @ all; excreted through breath, urine, and pores ~BAC: â€Å"Blood Alcohol Content† a measure of the amt of alcohol in grams in 100 milliliters of blood, expressed in % *. 08% is the legal amt* Alcohol Poisoning slow breathing, hypothermia, seizures, vomiting ~Gender diff. in alcohol metabolism ?Body size: Women- smaller amp; have higher body fat %, they also absorb more of the alcohol because they metab less efficiently than men and are more vulnerable to liver disease, heart disease, amp; brain damage. ?cirrhosis (scarring of liver tissue) risk starts to ? @ lt;2 drinks a day Men- cirrhosis risk starts to ? @ 2 ? 4 drinks a day, lt; susceptible to alcohol effects amp; ? BAC than women, men have ? Chances of death amp; to illnesses than women ~Blackouts: time period where a drinker is conscious yet has impaired memory, later to have amnesia of that time. We will write a custom essay sample on Drugs And Alcohol Study Guide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Warning sign that changes have occurred in the brain; non-alcoholics that binge drink experience blackouts ~Effects of Mixing Energy and Alcohol Alcohol makes you sleepy. (depressant; intoxicant) energy drinks keep you awake. (stimulant) mixes to trick the body into thinking its sober ~Medical probs w/ alcohol? cardiomyopathy: heart arrhythmias (irregular heartbeat) Cigarettes, cigars, pipes, snuff, chew etc. ?Disease: hookah pipe- common colds, flu virus, herpes†¦ why? Practiced in groups using same mouth piece ? Tobacco Proucts: ?heart rate, ? blood pressure, damaged cilia, temp in fingertips ? , not enough oxygen delivered through red blood cells ? Long term: cardio vascular disease, cancer amp; chronic lower respiratory diseases ? COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease -Emphysema: decrease respiratory func amp; shortness of breath -Chronic Bronchitis: mucus secretion, cough amp; ? Asthma: recurrent episodes of difficult breathing, wheezing, coughing, amp; thick mucus production ? CVD: Cardiovascular Disease -? heart rate, ? tension in heart, constricted blood? hypertention 3 pkts ? heart disease ? heart failure than nonsmokers ?Benefits of Quitting: smokers cough amp; mucus production ? quickly, recover quicker from cold/flus, taste/smell return, circulation ? , ? risk of diseases, ? Treatment: daily group and individual therapy, stress reduce techniques, nutrition info, exercise, and 12-step program, ? Alcohol intake while trying to quit smoking ? 1988 MSA: banned billboard ads amp; ads aimed toward children, 206 bill $ to 46 states over 25 yr period to fund tobacco education amp; prevention programs. Drugs ?Illicit: harmful and illegal to possess, manufacturing sell or use; adults use ? Drug Misuse: use of prescription drugs for other purposes or in greater amts, use of glues, paints or solvents ? Drug Abuse: use of illicit or inappropriate use of prescription in a manner that causes problems or puts u @ risk Different Routes Oral: easy yet most complicated way for drug to get into blood stream -injection: directly enter blood stream, muscle, or upper skin; overdose, infection, collapse veins -Inhalation: smoking tobacco, marijuana, crack, cocaine†¦enters quickly: irritated lungs -Mucus membranes: snorting, irritation or destruction of tissue, difficulty controlling does -Skin contact: patches; irritation of skin -Pleasure amp; Reward circuit: (VTA, nucleus accumbens amp; prefrontal cortex) responsible for feelings of satisfaction amp; pleasure when a physical, emotional, or survival need is met ? Drug Effect on Brain: ?

Non-Medicinal Drugs And Aids Essays - Drug Control Law, Drug Culture

Non-Medicinal Drugs And Aids Based on the expierience and knowledge I have toward drugs, drug use, and the effects of, I have conclued that legalizing non-medicinal drugs would be be wrong. The capability these days to aquire drugs are very high. It's now possible to mail order drugs, get them in parties, cities, rural areas, malls, street sidewalks, anywhere, really. Therefore why should you need them to become legal. For several decades drugs have been one of the major problems of society. There have been escalating costs spent on the war against drugs and countless dollars spent on rehabilitation, but the problem still exists. Not only has the drug problem increased but drug related problems are on the rise. Drug abuse is a killer in our country. Some are born addicts(crack babies), while others become users. The result of drug abuse is thousands of addicts in denial. The good news is the United States had 25,618 total arrests and 81,762 drug seizures due to drugs in 1989 alone, but the bad news is the numbers of prisoners have increased by 70 percent which will cost about $30 million dollars. Despite common wisdom, the U.S isn't experiencing a drug related crime wave. Government surveys show between 1980 - 1987 burglary rates fell 27 percent, robbery 21 percent and payde 2 murders 13 percent, but with new drugs on the market these numbers are up. One contraversial solution is the proposal of legalizing drugs. Although people feel that legalizing drugs would lessen crime, drugs should remain illegal in the U.S because there would be an increase of drug abuse and a rapid increase of diseases such as AIDS. Many believe that legalizing drugs would lessen crime. They point out that the legalization of drugs would deter future criminal acts. They also emphasize and contrast Prohibition. When the public realized that Prohibition could not be enforced the law was repealed. From this, one may infer the same of legalizing drugs. Legalizing alcohol didn't increase alcoholism, so why would drugs increase drug abuse? However, drugs should not be legalized because there would be an increase in drug abuse due to its availability. Once legalized, drugs would become cheaper and more accessible to people who previously had not tried drugs, because of the high price or the legal risk. Drug abuse would skyrocket! Addicts who tend to stop, not by choice, but because the drugs aren't accessible would now feed the addiction if drugs were made legal. These drug addicts would not be forced payde 3 to kick the habit due to the availability of the drug they would partake eagerly. The temptation to use drugs would increase when advertisements for cocaine, heroin and marijuana are displayed on television. Instead of money used by employed addicts, you will see welfare funds used to purchase drugs. If welfare funds were being misused, this would cause a major problem in the economy. Drugs must not be legalized. It puts our country at a terrible risk. Health officials have shown that the legalization of drugs would cause a rapid increase of diseases such as AIDS. AIDS poses a growing threat to addicts, and thus to society as a whole. The virus that causes AIDS is growing, due to drug addicts who share needles and syringes. The sharing of such needles by intravenous drug users helps increase the spread of AIDS. Infection among IV drug abusers is continuing to occur at a very steady rate, warn Richard E. Chaisson director of the AIDS service at John Hopkins University. In the U.S gay men still make up the primary risk group, although 750,000 to 1 million drug addicts are believed to be at risk to AIDS nationally. The problem here is the sharing of needles, which is causing the spread of AIDS. IV drug abusers are killing our nation at an amazingly payde 4 fast speed. AIDS which surfaced in the 80's is now on the rise and even more deadly to IV drug users. The sharing of needles must be stopped. Drugs should not be legalized. Although people feel that legalizing drugs would lessen crime, drugs should remain illegal in the U.S because there would be an increase of drug abuse and a rapid increase of diseases such as AIDS. The United States can not afford this problem. It has become a world power by strengthening its people not by killing them. Drug abuse has

China Cardiovascular Drugs Market Essays

China Cardiovascular Drugs Market Essays China Cardiovascular Drugs Market Essay China Cardiovascular Drugs Market Essay Research on China Cardiovascular Drugs Industry, 2014-2018 primarily carries on analyses on cardiovascular drugs market in the following aspects: market scale, the scale of segment markets, current competition status and business performance of major drug manufacturers; meanwhile it makes predictions about prospective market so as to help investors know this industry well and provide decision-making references for them. With the aged tendency of population in China and the increasing morbidity of chronic diseases which have to be treated with medicines for the rest of patients’ life, market scale of cardiovascular drugs is expanding. This trend has been reflected in recent years. While in the next few years, with the reform of medical insurance in China and the continuous standardization of pharmaceutical market as well as the unique curative effect of Chinese patent medicines, Chinese patents medicines for cardiovascular diseases will enjoy a promising development prospect. In 2013 market scale of cardiovascular drugs has reached CNY 17.8 billion in China. At present cardiovascular diseases have a relatively higher morbidity rate among all diseases and also is a kind of disease that is hard to be cured. Along with the changes of people’s life-styles, the difficulties in curing cardiovascular diseases are becoming more prominent. The compound annual growth rate of cardiovascular diseases is 21.6%, and the prevalence rate of cardiovascular diseases will increase further because of the improvements on people’s living standards, the changes of life styles and increasing aging population. The market will be expanded. Read Complete Report with TOC: researchbeam.com/research-on-china-cardiovascular-drugs-industry-2014-2018-market Table of contents: 1. Overview of China Cardiovascular Drugs Industry 1.1 Prevalence Situation of Cardiovascular Diseases in China 1.1.1 Definition of Cardiovascular Diseases 1.1.2 Number of Cardiovascular Patients and Death Situation 1.1.3 Hazards of Cardiovascular Diseases 1.2 Definition of Cardiovascular Drugs Industry 2. Development Environment of China Cardiovascular Drugs Industry 2.1 China’s Economic Development Environment 2.2 Policy Environment Influencing Industry Development 3. Development Status of Pharmaceuticals Industry 3.1 Performance of Major Economic Indicator 3.2 Main Influence Factors 3.3 Key Task Progress of the 12th Five-Year Plan 3.4 Situation Forecast in 2014 4. Current Situation of Cardiovascular Drugs Market 4.1 Development Situation of International Cardiovascular Drugs Market 4.2 Development Status of China Cardiovascular Drugs Market 4.3 Competitive Landscape in China 5. Competitive Analysis of China Cardiovascular 7 Drugs 5.1 Market Profile of Cardiovascular 7 Drugs 5.2 Market Analysis of Medicines for Heart Disease 5.2.1 Alprostadil 5.2.2 Creatine Phosphate 5.2.3 Complex Coenzyme 5.3 Market Analysis of Medicines for Peripheral Vascular Expansion 5.3.1 Cinepazide 5.3.2 Fasudil To Get Purchase Enquiry of Report: researchbeam.com/research-on-china-cardiovascular-drugs-industry-2014-2018-market/purchase-enquiry

Operations Management - Inventory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Operations Management - Inventory - Essay Example Here, when t he inventory of raw materials is over, it does not prompt a requirement. The entire action is towards coming up with the end product or the complete product. It is important to distinguish between both the philosophies, since goods are classified as end products and raw inventory. Each of these is governed by a particular kind of demand, which in turn, is governed by the above philosophies. Therefore, inventory management requires the differentiating between the two philosophies. Independent demand inventories are the ones that include the finished goods or the spare parts of these goods. The demand is independent of the operations and is solely dependent on the market conditions. On the other hand, dependent demand inventories are unfinished raw materials that go into the making of goods. These are governed by the demand for the end product as well, apart from the market conditions. Therefore, it is dependent, not only on the market scenario, but also the operations and the demand for the end product. For instance, if a toy wagon is the subject, then the wagons would fall under independent demand, while the wh

Weekly Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Weekly Journal - Essay Example My moral voice acts as my inner voice that judges my behavior and motivation that is based on ideas that are either right or even wrong. There is time I encountered a moral disagreement regarding the issue of diversity in the country. Considering the diversity in ethnicities currently seen in America, I once encountered an individual from another ethnicity in a mall. Considering that this individual was from a dominant ethnicity, he started looking down on me considering that I am from a totally different ethnic from his. Initially, I felt like punching him so hard that he could never make such irritating comments to any individuals ever again. However, my moral voice made me hesitate. This inner voice made me realize that I could get myself into so much trouble by not restraining myself and containing my anger. Thus, this conflict was a good one because I was able to restrain myself and avoided getting into trouble with the law. Instead, I engaged the individual into a mature communication and made him understand that every individual is equal before God. I made him realize that the labels that human beings give are the only ones that worsen the racial situation in the country (Gilligan, 2009). At the end of it all, we shook hands and he even offered to pay for the items that I had picked in the

Communication: Theory, Forms and Parameters

Communication: Theory, Forms and Parameters RINSON MAMMEN THEORIES FORMS AND PARAMETERS OF COMMUNICATION Theories of communication Actor-Network Theory suggests that human and non-human factors are equally influential in the success of technological innovation and scientific knowledge-creation. The theory looks at how networks are formed and how these networks contribute to these successes. It suggests that no one person or thing is solely responsible for these advancements. Therefore, both an actor and a network are responsible for achieving these outcomes. Adaptive Structuration Theory (AST) Groups and organizations create rules and resources which are defined as structures. These structures form social systems which develop a life of their own. The quality of the structure affects decision making, and decisions also affect the structure. Agenda Setting Theory: Agenda Setting Theory states that mass media organizations determine what the general population considers newsworthy by deciding how much attention a news story receives. The term salience transfer is commonly used and refers to the ability of the media to transfer their agendas onto the public. Cognitive Dissonance Theory: Cognitive Dissonance is the psychological conflict that results from holding two contradictory or incompatible beliefs or attitudes. For example, one can like a person, but disapprove of their habits. The theory suggests that a person looks for balance in their beliefs. Therefore, in order to reduce dissonance, one will avoid hearing opposing viewpoints or change their beliefs to match their actions. Communication Accommodation Theory: Communication Accommodation Theory describes when people accommodate or adjust their communication styles to others. These changes in verbal and nonverbal styles are done through two ways: divergence and convergence. Divergence is used to highlight group identity through touting the differences of the group they identify with. Divergence is often used by groups with strong ethnic or racial pride. Convergence is used more often by powerless individuals for social approval and focuses on matching the communication styles of the person with whom they are speaking to. Cultivation Theory: Cultivation Theory argues media shapes a persons sense of reality. Because many acquire information through mediated sources rather than direct experience, their world view becomes influenced by these sources. For example, Cultivation Theory suggests that people who would be defined as heavy television viewers see the world as more violent that it actually is. Face Negotiation Theory: Face Negotiation Theory highlights conflict style differences between collectivist and individualistic cultures. Collectivist cultures place value on the group and therefore adopt a conflict style of avoiding or integrating to give others mutual face. Individualistic cultures place value on the individual and in an attempt to protect self-face, they adopt a dominating conflict style. Hypodermic Needle Theory: The Hypodermic Needle Theory, also known as the ‘magic bullet’ theory, says the media has a powerful and direct effect on audiences by ‘injecting’ them with messages. The Hypodermic Needle Theory no longer carries the respect it once did since its accuracy was found to be questionable. Muted Group Theory: Muted Group Theory states that because language is man-made women remain reduced and excluded. Because words and norms have been created by men, women are disadvantaged in public. As women become less muted and more vocal, the dominant position of males in society will diminish. Social Exchange Theory: Social Exchange Theory posits an ‘economic’ exchange for in interpersonal relationships. Meaning, the relationships is enhanced by satisfying each others self-interest. In this theory, self-interest is not regarded as a bad thing, but rather as a concept that builds the relationship. Social Learning Theory: Social Learning Theory argues that people learn from each other through observing, imitating, and modeling the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. Social learning theory explains how human behavior can be shaped by continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, an environmental influences. Social Penetration Theory: Social Penetration Theory looks at how superficial relationships evolve to intimate relationships. The theory states it is a gradual evolution due primarily to self-disclosure between parties. But, while this self-disclosure can be effective in creating intimate relationships, it can also leave one or more persons vulnerable. Standpoint Theory: Standpoint Theory claims that each person is seated in a different rank among the social hierarchy. Because of this, each person views the social climate from a different vantage point, which only provides a small look at the social whole. But the theory also claims that those who are lower on the social ladder tend to have a greater understanding of the social whole, rather than those higher up. Symbolic Interactionism Theory: Symbolic Interaction Theory suggests that the concept of self is created by three principles: 1) Meaning: that we act towards and things according to the meanings we apply to them. 2) Language: that we negotiate meaning through symbols. 3) Thought: that thought modifies our interpretations. Symbolic interactionism implies that without communication there would be no self concept. Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB): Theory of Planned Behavior is the same as Theory of Reasoned Action in that it says personal attitudinal judgments and social-normative considerations influence a person’s intentions to perform a behavior, but TPB adds a third element: perceived behavioral control. This element being the perception of how easy or difficult it is to perform the behavior. Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) Theory of Reasoned Action looks at how behaviors can be influenced by influencing a person’s intentions. TRA states that two main factors tell a person whether or not to perform a behavior: 1) personal attitudinal judgments: the evaluation of the action; and, 2) social-normative considerations: what one believes others think they should do. Uncertainty Reduction Theory: Uncertainty Reduction Theory states that when strangers meet, their primary goal is to reduce levels of uncertainty. Uncertainty meaning, being unsure of how to behave (or how the other person will behave), and unsure of what to think of the other person. For example, if they like the person or do not like the person. According to this theory, they will use communication to reduce this uncertainty. Uses and Gratifications Theory: The Uses and Gratifications Theory assumes audiences actively seek out media to satisfy individual needs. With this assumption, the Uses and Gratifications Theory looks to answer three questions: what do people do with the media, what are their underlying motives for using said media, and what are the pros and cons of this individual media use Different Forms of Communication Verbal Communication Verbal communication includes sounds, words, language and speaking. Language is said to have originated from sounds and gestures. There are many languages spoken in the world. The basis of language formation are: gender, class, profession, geographical area, age group and other social elements. Speaking is an effective way of communicating and is again classified into two types viz. interpersonal communication and public speaking. Good verbal communication is an inseparable part of business communication. In a business, you come across people from various ages, cultures and races. Fluent verbal communication is essential, to deal with people in business meetings. Also, in business communication self-confidence plays a vital role which when clubbed with fluent communication skills can lead to success. Public speaking is another verbal communication in which you have to address a group of people. Preparing for an effective speech before you start is important. In public speaking, the speech must be prepared according to the type of audience you are going to face. The content of your speech should be authentic and you must have enough information on the topic you have chosen for public speaking. All the main points in your speech must be highlighted and these points should be delivered in the correct order. There are many public speaking techniques and these techniques must be practiced for an effective speech. Non-Verbal Communication Non-verbal communication involves physical ways of communication, like, tone of the voice, touch, smell and body motion. Creative and aesthetic non-verbal communication includes singing, music, dancing and sculpturing. Symbols and sign language are also included in non-verbal communication. Body language is a non-verbal way of communication. Body posture and physical contact convey a lot of information. Body posture matters a lot when you are communicating verbally to someone. Folded arms and crossed legs are some of the signals conveyed by a body posture. Physical contact, like, shaking hands, pushing, patting and touching expresses the feeling of intimacy. Facial expressions, gestures and eye contact are all different ways of communication. Reading facial expressions can help you know a person better. Written Communication Written communication is writing the words which you want to communicate. Good written communication is essential for business purposes. Written communication is practiced in many different languages. E-mails, reports, articles and memos are some of the ways of using written communication in business. The written communication can be edited and amended many times before it is communicated to the second party to whom the communication is intended. This is one of the main advantages of using writing as the major means of communication in business activity. Written communication is used not only in business but also for informal communication purposes. Mobile SMS is an example of informal written communication. Visual communication The last type of communication is the visual communication. Visual communication is visual display of information, like topography, photography, signs, symbols and designs. Television and video clips are the electronic form of visual communication. Effective communication is essential for the success of any type of business. Informally too, nothing can be achieved without proper communication. Therefore, developing communicative skills is a must. One must understand that all the four types of communication are equally important and one must develop communicative skills in all the mediums. Communicative media is growing day by day to ensure clarity and to eliminate the ambiguity in communication. Different Parameters in communication Many definitions describe communication as a transfer of information, thoughts or ideas to create shared understanding between a sender and a receiver. The information may be written or spoken, professional or social, personal or impersonal to name a few possibilities. Basically, the communication process involves a sender, receiver, message, channel and feedback. However, this simplistic description significantly under-represents what can actually be a very complex process. Click here for a brief overview of the communication process. Essential issues to be aware of in any communication situation are: Content refers to the actual words or symbols of the message that are known as language the spoken and written words combined into phrases that make grammatical sense. Importantly, we all use and interpret the meanings of words differently, so even simple messages can be misunderstood. And many words have different meanings to confuse the issue even more. Process refers to the way the message is delivered the nonverbal elements in speech such as the tone of voice, the look in the sender’s eyes, body language, hand gestures and state of emotions (anger, fear, uncertainty, confidence, etc.) that can be detected. The non-verbals that we use often cause messages to be misunderstood as we tend to believe what we see more than what we hear. Indeed, we often trust the accuracy of nonverbal behaviors more than verbal behaviors. A well-known UCLA study found that only around 7% of the meaning of spoken communication came from words alone, 55% came from facial expression and 38% came from the way the words were said. Context refers to the situation or environment in which your message is delivered. Important contextual factors that can subtly influence the effectiveness of a message include the physical environment (eg. a patient’s bedside, ward office, quiet room etc.), cultural factors (e.g. international cultures, organizational cultures and so on) and developmental factors (e.g. first, second or third year student, experience in similar clinical settings, stage of the practicum etc.). The goal of communication between a sender and a receiver is understanding of the message being sent. Anything that interferes with this can be referred to as ‘noise’. Communication noise can influence our interpretation of messages and significantly affect our perception of interactions with others. Many definitions describe communication as a transfer of information, thoughts or ideas to create shared understanding between a sender and a receiver. The information may be written or spoken, professional or social, personal or impersonal to name a few possibilities. Basically, the communication process involves a sender, receiver, message, channel and feedback. However, this simplistic description significantly under-represents what can actually be a very complex process. Click here for a brief overview of the communication process. Essential issues to be aware of in any communication situation are: Content refers to the actual words or symbols of the message that are known as language the spoken and written words combined into phrases that make grammatical sense. Importantly, we all use and interpret the meanings of words differently, so even simple messages can be misunderstood. And many words have different meanings to confuse the issue even more. Process refers to the way the message is delivered the nonverbal elements in speech such as the tone of voice, the look in the sender’s eyes, body language, hand gestures and state of emotions (anger, fear, uncertainty, confidence, etc.) that can be detected. The non-verbals that we use often cause messages to be misunderstood as we tend to believe what we see more than what we hear. Indeed, we often trust the accuracy of nonverbal behaviors more than verbal behaviors. A well-known UCLA study found that only around 7% of the meaning of spoken communication came from words alone, 55% came from facial expression and 38% came from the way the words were said. Context refers to the situation or environment in which your message is delivered. Important contextual factors that can subtly influence the effectiveness of a message include the physical environment (eg. a patient’s bedside, ward office, quiet room etc.), cultural factors (eg. international cultures, organisational cultures and so on) and developmental factors (eg. first, second or third year student, experience in similar clinical settings, stage of the practicum etc.). The goal of communication between a sender and a receiver is understanding of the message being sent. Anything that interferes with this can be referred to as ‘noise’. Communication noise can influence our interpretation of messages and significantly affect our perception of interactions with others Basic parameters of the communication system. a) Bandwidth b) Transmit Power c) Signal to Noise Ratio a) Bandwidth Bandwidth is defined as the range of frequencies required to represent original signal in time domain. This is the simplest definition of bandwidth. As being engineer well use more technical definition of bandwidth which is :- A ring of frequencies that falls in the amplitude of first and last by 3dB and 70% of energy left. Some important points relating bandwidth are:- i) Rate of Transmission of data is directly proportional to bandwidth i.e wider the bandwidth more data will flow . ii) With wider bandwidth, there are less collisions and errors are minimum. iii) The bandwidth is chosen after detailed analysis which is enough for data to be transmitted.This precaution is taken to avoid addition of noise since with the wider bandwidth thermal noise increases. Hence thermal noise is directly proportional to bandwidth. b) Transmit Power As the name suggests that it is the power required for transmission. Transmission power plays an important role due to its duality. The increase in transmission power reduces the noise. Secondly information is transmitted more accurately and precisely. Usually binary (0,1) level transmission is done just to save transmission power. For example if we are going to transmit 4 bits of information within 2 levels, 2 bits will be transmitted in one pulse width hence bandwidth will be two pulses. Suppose we transmit this in 4 levels , one pulse having one bit then transmit power will increase very fast which makes it more expensive system. Just to save transmission power and simplicity we use binary level at the expense of bandwidth. c) Signal to Noise Ratio : The performance of the system is defined by signal power to noise power ratio. Let So is the signal output power and No is the noise output power then So/No, is known as signal to noise ratio.The greater the signal power less the noise power affects and systems performance is better and vice versa.